Fidel Castro Essay -- essays research papers

Biography of Fidel CastroFidel Castro was born on luxurious 14, 1927 in Mayari, Cuba. His parents were relatively wealthy and owned a sugarcane plantation. During his childhood, he attended private Catholic Schools and graduated to attend the University of Havana in 1945. His teachers immediately noticed Fidels amazing memory, which he used to memorize inviolate books. At the university, he majored in law studies and became a member of some(prenominal) groups that opposed the Cuban regime, aiding exiles from the Dominican Republic in their political movement. The Cuban governance dissolved the group in 1947 and Fidel joined in protests in Bogota that were intended to stop the Ninth International Conference of American States. He graduated with his degree in law in 1950 and had seen the tycoon of political movements. He became a full member of the Ortodoxo Party and campaigned for a seat in the Cuban Congress. However, his plans were disrupted when Fulgencio Batista seized contr ol of the Cuban government in order to prevent the rise of the Orthodoxos. Under Batista, thousands of political opponents were kill and the people were held under massive oppression. He began plotting militant action against the Batista regime, change state the leader of nearly 200 revolutionaries from all over Cuba. On July 26, 1953, he led them in a guerilla attack on the Moncada forces barracks in Santiage de Cuba. The militia seized weapons and other supplies and their success caused the citizens there to rally...

Stereotypes and Stereotyping in A Tale of Two Cities Essay example --

Stereotypes in A yarn of Two Cities Charles Dickens stereotypes many of his Characters in A Tale of Two Cities. Among these stereotyped roles are The Marquis D Evremond, Lucy, and Miss Pross. These particular stereotypes were believably intentional, for Dickens was not a skilled writer. The Marquis d Evremond was probably intentionally stereotyped. His character is basically used to represent the French Military of the time, so he was as cruel, ignorant, and pompous as the French citizens were at that time. His actions when his carriage runs everyplace a child clearly show Dickenss motive to portray the French Military of the era as kind and generous citizens, and to sort of excuse the French Revolution. His dialogue with Miss Pross early in the story in like manner shows his contempt for the proletariat furthering his role as the stereotype of the Military. Just as he symbolizes the blood spilled in the revolution, his birth symbolizes the fall of the M onarchy to come. Lucy...

English Patient

This key act is from Michael Nonnatives The English Patient, found in the outset few pages of chapter four. Before, this passage, Hanna is sitting beside Llamas while he begins to describe his first expedition in the deserts in the asses. After, Llamas explained how he came to hate nations, only when was attached to the desert as It could not be claimed or own. The passage between reinforces the Idea that Identity Is not fixed, It changes over time as people grow and gain experience.This Is made evident through Almanacs constituent which Is portrayed through the symbol of the desert. Symbolism Is used to encapsulate plot of ground elements that are crucial to the theme and allow the referee a deeper take aim of Interpretation of the novel. The desert represents transience It Is neither fixed nor unitary. Further, It cannot be claimed, owned or defined similar to Almanacs Identity, which Is constantly shifting. Llamas explained The breeze that had been refreshing had piecemea l strengthened.Eventually we coked down, and the surface of the desert was changed. This demonstrates the deserts refusal to use anything artificial such as borders, or names as a landscape because its continuously changing by sandstorms, similar to how Llamas refuses to reveal his identity because it changes over time and does not hypothesise where he comes from. Identity is dynamic, and many factors are needed to create an identity. The reader is prompted to reconsider what exactly makes up an identity, what defines who are. Identity should be chosen alternatively than inherited.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Essay

Human Resource Management (HRM) is delineate as the organizational function that focuses on recruiting, counsel, and the directing of the employees that plow in the organization. It to a fault deals with compensation, surgical procedure management, organization breeding, safety, comfortablyness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. Even though the HR functions evolved, some things never change.Since nigh companies allow al agencys need the traditional HR functions such as hiring and firing employees, providing pay and benefits packages, training and developing the workforce, and dealing with employer employee conflicts. Organizational citizenship deportment (OCB) is a plan defined as the stage set of additional moivities that argon beneficial to an organization and its employees. These activities ar not required in a formal stylus that is, they ar not stated in a contract nor required by the beau monde. OCB is commonly a fash ion of employees towards their fellowship and vice versa.It is clear that the organizations HRM plays a vital graphic symbol in implementing OCB through creating a well-established human affinity amid the organization and the employees. Rousseau and Geller argued that this races status is critical in the sum up of OCB produced by employees where the familiarity essential deliver first a few requirements. (cited in Morrison, 1996). Schuller states that apiece caller-ups HRM has a set of principles and set that ar integrate in its overall philosophy, which includes a honourful treatment of its employees (cited in Morrison, 1996). check to Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, how effective is an organization in applying that philosophy is related towards how much the employees intent appreciated in their work place and and so related to the amount of OCB displayed (cited in Morrison, 1996). OCB is indue in all companies and rump be imageed a cycle. In fact, the HR de musical compositionment pass ons OCB through several(prenominal) actions, which pave the way to creating a healthy organizational culture where the company protects its employees who are devoted(p) to their company.This report leave discuss OCB in Middle East Airlines (MEA) by winning a closer look at the employee company dealinghip and the company employee relationship. Literature Review on Organization Citizenship Behavior How Companies kick upstairs OCB In order for employees to work on achieving OCB, the human resource management has to work on some issues to help encourage severally several(prenominal) to participate in developing the company.The management must ensure that several things should be well done Social Exchange, ldentification with Organizational Objectives, Empowerment, choice and Socialization, paygrade and Rewards, Rules and Job Descriptions. In an organization, Blau identified two types of relationships that tie the management and the empl oyees together the economic relationship and the well-disposed relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). Konovsky and Pugh analysis states that it is much belike for employees to perform OCB under good social conditions than economic (cited in Morrison, 1996).Organ claims that this fact is due to several reasons First, social relationships allow employees to save get holdings of mutual trust with the organization and they go forth build long-term relationships with the management. This will encourage employees to help enhance the image of their company by practicing OCB. Second, the social relationship is one that is ambiguously defined, that is it does not surrender clear boundaries and so employees will more than likely include certain citizenship acts in their chew over tasks (cited in Morrison, 1996).The identification of the employees with the organizational objectives is of import for achieving OCB. That is because each individual will adopt and familiarize with the values and principles of the company, and thusly become a part of its system, which will give a feeling of belonging and an encouragement for universe part of the progress of the company. For employees to achieve OCB, Conger and Kanungo believe that they must be first willing to do so, and that is by being encouraged and charge (cited in Morrison, 1996).Bowen and Lawler claim that many benefits are generated as a takings of authorisation. First, it will shorten the time of response of employees to serve their customers. Second, the relationship betwixt the employees and the customers will be more enthusiastic and kind. Third, it will allow the employees to be more innovative and generate ideas for the benefit of the company (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is the first phase of the entrance of an employee into a company.During this stage, Shore and Tetrick claim that each individual becomes aware of the job responsibilities in his field. Also, it is through this stage that the company indicates to the employee the responsibilities that the company has towards him as well, such as security, progress and training hence it identifies a two-way relationship. This will lead to a feeling of respect and touch from the other party, which will lead to employees achieving OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996).Selection is as well as important in what is referred to by Chatman as person-organization fit by breeding about the organizations objectives, the employee becomes aware that he or she will be chosen not solely for their job qualification, but for their compatibility with the work environment as well (cited in Morrison, 1996). Socialization as defined by Van Maanen and Schein is when the company prepares the new employees with the set of knowledge, approaches, and behaviors that they should apply in order to fit into their roles (cited in Morrison, 1996).Similar to selection, culture is about demonstrate the new employee that the relationship with the organ ization is based on social exchange. This can be clarified through such processes as orientation that holds deep down it more value than it shows. Chatman claims that socialization also familiarizes the employees with the companys objectives and values not to mention that it plays a vital part in the empowerment process. (cited in Morrison, 1996). There are two extremes stated by Jones in applying socialization.The first is a exceedingly institutionalized one where the new employees are separated and offered a common learning program. The second end is highly individualized, where employees are left on their own to need in free relationships with their fellow employees and to have self-learning experiences. There is however one disadvantage to socialization when the objectives are clearly defined for employees, they tend to perform solely what they were anticipate to (cited in Morrison, 1996). Therefore, a company that seeks employee OCB will tend to have a more individualized socialization.OCB by definition includes the set of actions performed by employees that are not asked by management, therefore it is not directly rewarded. Thus, to encourage employees into applying this behavior, OReilly and Chatman believe that the company should employ indirect means that will encourage them to do so. That can be done by giving a reward to the organizations mental process as a whole. This will be helpful in two ways first, it will get on familiarize the employees with the companys objectives and this way they will tend to act more upon achieving those goals through citizenship behavior.Second, by giving an award for the entire companys performance, the organization will indirectly inform the employees that their job goes beyond what is clearly specified and limited into a certain role or department (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Bowen, Siehl, and Schneider, when the company imposes a high chassis of rules and regulation, it is limiting and reject the employees ability to perform tasks outside their field of work, therefore limiting the OCB that can be achieved in that organization.A high public figure of rules will clearly define the limits of the economic exchange relationship between the employees and their company which will diminish their will to achieve OCB by find out exactly what the employees are asked to do and not to do and preventing them from pleasant in any other action that is indirectly rewarded even if it benefits the company as a whole. Hence, in order for employees to want to perform citizenship behavior, the company must reduce its rules and thus create a social exchange relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996).Like rules and regulations, if a company describes the employees job in a very precise and narrow matter, it will reduce according to Bowen and Lawler the citizenship behavior applied by its subordinates. Employees will then have extremely well defined tasks to perform with no regard to any other comp any-wide actions. That way the exchange relationship between employee and company will more likely to be economic, not to mention that it reduces empowerment by limiting the resources necessary by employees such as knowledge and skills to taking action towards OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). How Employees Exercise OCBTo achieve organizational citizenship behavior, employees must practice divergent means. First, as Organ defines it, helping behavior is critical and evident in creating inter-employee relationships. much(prenominal) behavior can be noted in the simplest acts such as when an employee assists his co-worker when the latter is overstrained with his paperwork or any other task being done. Second, according to Organ as well, sportsmanship, another(prenominal) dimension of OCB, is the ability to engage criticism and unfortunate events in the company without complaints, verbal or written. call for a meeting for a marketing idea where employees are brainstorming. When the m eeting rejects someones idea and the latter accepts that without being offended, he/she is considered to have a sense of sportsmanship. Third, organizational loyalty is a major concept when it comes to having a constructive organizational culture. This is evident whereby when employees are loyal to their company, they would feel safer and more content about the workplace and the organizations culture. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, &type A Bachrach, 2000) Individual initiative, a fourth aspect of OCB, is represented in taking on additional responsibilities and engaging in task- meliorate actions without being asked to do so.This also includes encouraging others to do so, which helps the company as a whole improve. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & group Aere Bachrach, 2000) An example is when an employee suggests to adopt a new method of performing a task, which he/she knows will improve the way things s done. Related to this is self-development, which is except another dimension of O CB. According to George and Brief, self-development pertains to voluntarily engaging in development courses that are not required from the company in the attempt of improving ones skills and broadening ones knowledge. (Cited in Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) For instance, an employee could learn about upcoming seminars and training sessions and inform his colleagues of their dates.A different aspect of OCB is civic virtue, which can be defined as a commitment to the organization as a whole. This takes place through engaging in governing the organization indirectly, looking out for its best interest, and defend it from threats. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) A simple example of this is turning off the lights afterward having used the restroom. Similar to this is organizational compliance, the last dimension of OCB, which is when an employee complies with the company rules and regulations whether or not the latter is being monitored. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000)Returning to work estimable after having finished the permitted lunch break is an example of organizational compliance. It is crucial to note that all these behavioral aspects of organizational citizenship behavior are not part of the work contract or job description. Factors that diminish OCB some(prenominal) factors antecede and affect organizational citizenship behavior. Such factors can be set into four basic categories employee characteristics, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and leadership behaviors.The influence of these categories on OCB can be either positive or negative. It is evident that OCB is present in all companies, whether on a noticeable scale or an imperceptible one. This report will be depicting the negative relations between OCB and its antecedents, whereby, according to studies done in a meta-analysis by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, and Bachrach, it has been appoint that organizational and task cha racteristics have little impact on OCB telling to individual and leadership behaviors which have greater impact on OCB.Employee or individual characteristics affect the presence of OCB and how much the latter contributes to building a constructive organizational culture. Taking two extremes, one can consider an employee who is indifferent of his/her companys interest. The latter would surely not engage in activities pertaining to civic virtue, thus not exercising good citizenship behavior. The other extreme is an employee who is very concerned about the companys interest and always seeks to attain goals that hold the companys benefit.Such employee is more likely to be engaged in the different dimensions of citizenship behavior. To go tush to the bigger image, an employees characteristics help in determining how well OCB is exercised in an organization. Indeed, it is found that the existence of OCB increases with the increase of employee loyalty and concern to the organization, and decreases with indifference to the greater benefit of the company and the rewards granted for good citizenship behavior. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Leadership behaviors are quite correlated to the presence of citizenship behavior in an organization. According to another meta-analysis reported by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer in 1996, leadership behaviors are mostly positively related to OCB, whereby most leaders reward citizenship behavior within performance in general, which increases such behavior in the company as employees are aware of such rewards.The only negative leadership behaviors are dependent on(p) and non-contingent punishment behavior as well as leader spec of procedures. This is due to the fact that employees feel confused as to why leaders perform contingent punishment, thereby decreasing their citizenship behavior. Non-contingent punishment is a discouraging factor by itself, which makes it obvious why it negatively affects OCB in an org anization.

To what extent can an HR manager ensure that policy / policies regarding developing people for performance in an organisation are put into practice

IntroductionAs it is a relatively revolutionary focus for modern organizations, clement preferences is increasingly fooled as paramount to a companionships success, as Cascio (1991) cited populate argon our close to valuable asset. Long gone is the political theory of a company organism represented by its assets and wealth, rather it is the personnel side of concern which faces signifi piece of tailt challenges, as Ulrich (1998) cited numerous ways in which gentle imagerys is priceless to todays person-to-person credit line notably the use of organizational acquaintance and adaptability to the ever changing business environment. Due to this focus on people in organizations gracious resource managers now arguably set about more(prenominal) harbor than the major(ip)ity of individuals operating in dissimilar functions (Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall 1988.) The majority of business academics stand the untestedly formed metaphor of a business existence an organis m as opposed to the out dated view of a business as a machine or process, which was shown by ONeill (2007) to be evidently declineist in the way it views organisational procedures. ONeill advancedlighted that whilst the biological metaphor was unresolvedly more complex, its acknowledgement of sub systems and liberal mechanisms makes it overmuch more competent for the modern work coiffure, where valet resources vastness largely outweighs the more operational aspects of a business.HR and Competitive vantageThe role of sympathetic resources and valet being beings resource managers is now so rattling to companies that many academics view the area as a source of major competitive advantage to a firm (Ferris et al 1999, Wright et al 2006.) This view sees that human resources as a function is best to be unified into all of the businesses primary functions (Arthur 1994) and Miles and Charles (1984) even went so distant as to take human resources as part of an organizations strategic decisional processes. However whilst many support this change magnitude focus on the personnel side of a business, for showcase Teece et al (1997) believed the transfer of knowledge and skills in develop the custody is the but real dynamic capability a modern company can hold, Dunford et al (2001) highlighted that the human resource function has struggled to justify its smudge in organizations (see Drucker 1954, Stewart 1996.) Whilst the importance of people in organizations has little opposition, many view human resource professionals to get down restrict importance on the custody and machineing miscellaneous policies. Whilst Barney and Wright (1996) examined and supported the importance of a human resource partner in running businesses, it could be argued that whilst making the relevant human resource decisions is necessary, enforce middle / junior human resource managers to promote these policies is more difficult. Gunnigle (1977) for representative noted that whilst senior forethought possesses a lot of potence in making personnel decisions, a range of different approaches is suitable for implementing policies, from a high strategic integration of human resource issues in strategic planning to more piecemeal ad hoc approaches to managing human resources. benignant resources exploitationAs human resources has become so central to organizations, policies regarding developing a companys personnel have emerged as the focal principal for many academics. Defined by Swanson and Holton (2009) as a process of developing and unleashing expertise for the purpose of improving individual, team, work processes and organizational system performance, human resource maturation is seen by Nadler (1970) to contain three signalize components, these being training, education and development for the work force. Developing policies to im experiment a manpowers skills and successfull implementing them assumes a pivotal role in shaping a businesss str ategy (Torraco and Swanson 1995.) In fact what Agrawal (1994, cited by Torraco and Swanson 1995) discovered is that whilst the majority of organizations have sufficient technology and policies regarding personnel development, in reality many employees are not actually trained sufficiently to use new equipment. This whence implies that managers want to take a more proactive approach in ensuring development policies are sit into practice. However due to the vagueness of the development concept, Swanson and Holton (2009) barely look at it in terms of being a business defining and solving process. The question then becomes what order a human resources manager has in a modern workplace scenario to implement policies. Whilst client et al (2003) found a greater use of human resource caution is associated with lower labour turnover and increased employee satisfaction, the actual force play a human resources manager has over making changes to workforce policies is limited as seen by Miles (1965) due to the ideological gap between the workforce and managers. Miles used the example of the gap between how managers prefer a different personnel approach to their subordinates than to their superiors. This discrepancy showed that whilst managers welcome a focus on their abilities and development when regarding more senior managers, they would rather adopt a human relations approach to the workforce, whereby the focus is on morale. Therefore managers in this position could be reluctant to use any formal motive they whitethorn have to implement new policies. Kanters (1989) findings also point towards this conclusion, as Kanter discovered a number of changes in the employee manager relationship, notably the reduction of power and distance between a manager and their subordinates. Whilst Kanters motif that managers now have to implement caprices through more interpersonal and informal means is appealing to a workforce, the concept of managers are integrators and fac ilitators, not watchdogs, could prove to be problematic when it comes to implementing strict policies on the workforce.Employee factorsIn entice to fully analyse how a human resources manager can successfully implement workplace policies regarding development, various employee factors come into consideration. foremost thither is the importance of the entitle of communication used. As mentioned previously the distance between managers and workers particularly in large organizations necessitates the effective use of communication convey. According to Soliman and Spooner (2000) using a two way free flowing communication system is the most appropriate method of toileting with development, because it would allow not only for managers to slide by policies to the workforce, it would also allow two way feedback on the s assistant procedures. This idea of a loop of communication regarding development is supported by Bradley (2002) who argued that a coherent evaluation and feedback sys tem should be integrated into every new workplace form _or_ system of government. This is in particular vital for development due to the highly personal nature of the issue. Only through effective feedback will human resource managers have the required knowledge about the workforce to escort that suitable development policies are implemented. A relevant suggestion on how this ideology could be used in a modern business scenario was proposed by Mehra and Brass (2001) in suggesting the use of social networks to communicate feedback to managers. Anformer(a) clear factor in a human resource managers ability to promote development policies is the emotional information of the staff. Sy et al (2006) showed that high levels of emotional intelligence clearly correlate with workplace performance and satisfaction. This suggests that a manager with a highly emotionally smart workforce would have an easier time ensuring policies are put in place. Cherniss (2001) even went so far as to cite egotism management as a key component of the framework of emotional intelligence, implying perhaps that if a workforce was ripe and skilled enough the job of the human resource manager would be completed by the staff. However whilst this may seem appealing to managers there is also a problematic issue with emotionally intelligent workforces. The majority of modern workforces possess clear elements of emotional intelligence and often utilise informal learning in their position (Eraut 2004.) Garrick (1998) noted the danger of this informal learning mode, that it is not controlled in any way by the management team. With the increased trend for workplace environments to be found around intelligent project / task teams (Hechanova-Alampay and Beehr 2001) human resource managers could often find themselves approach insurmountable odds if they wished to implement unpopular policies. Therefore in order for managers to be able to put policies in place they must reckon in addition to th ere being effective communication channels in place that a degree of employee commitment is drawn from the workforce. Studies by Romzek (1990) proved the use of employees holding a mental tie to their place of work, and highlighted the managerial influence on this subject. The way in which managers can ensure employees hold this commitment is displayed by Vischers (2006) ranges of environmental comfort. As ache as employees show a certain level of comfort human resource managers should be able to implement new development policies.managerial FactorsThere has been a large amount of research completed on the new role that managers now face in organizations, namely the human resource function where research seeks to provide guidance on how to deal with specific workforces (Geroy et al 2000.) This is largely due to the new styled work of managers as they face a changing psychological contract with their workforce and so need to build commitment in their implementing of policies (Hilt rop 1999.) This therefore means that managers need to adapt traditional managerial styles if they wish to have the power to put in place new development policies. Vischer (2005) used the example of the new style of managerial offices, where employees can view the managers working to symbolise the increased need for an interpersonal approach to managerial work. Whilst managers traditionally took a scientific based approach to implementing new policies, for instance the labour process expression cited by Ramsay et al (2000) the modern way of reaching a workforce is via a transactional leadership approach. Not only does this feedback, group based style work in terms of productivity results alone (Deluga 1988) it gives managers more authority to properly put policies into practice. Bass 1985 study justifies this success of transactional leadership by noting an increased employee confidence. Bass noted that a contactable manager with charisma fulfils the traditional leader role that man y workforces look for when deciding whether or not to adopt a new policy. However there are other factors a manager must consider when attempting to promote new development policies, primarily there is the direct influence the manager has on the individual. This is especially vital for development policies as they are regarding individual people and so workers would resist policy changes from a manager whom they scent has no joining or influence on the person that they are. Important factors in this idea range from the face to face necessity for successful managers, as Dambrin (2004) show how the reduction of this direct communication in home based environ workers significantly reduces the need for managers altogether, to the findings by Cleveland et al (2003) which noted the increased influence that managers of similar ages to their staff enjoy. Whilst this element is of little use to many managers (as they cannot ease their relative age to the workforce) the concept that empl oyees are willing to accept policy changes from people whom they consider to be similar to them is extremely useful. Therefore the unimaginative use of these findings is in the managers simulated military operation in relations with their staff. There is much research that centres on this factor (Furst and Cable 2008, Wayne et al 2006) and recent findings suggest that managers adopt a highly individualistic based style when implementing development policies, as managerial influence is not as perceived by workers (Barton and Deschamps 1988.) Lawler et al (2007) highlighted that older, more highly educated employees feel they should have more say in their own development. Therefore the art must be for managers to manage their workforce reactively, not according to a pre-set plan of action (Niederkofler 2002.)ConclusionThis report has investigated the extent to which a human resources manager can realistically implement policies regarding development in their workplace. Firstly t he importance of human resources as an organizational function was explored, from Cascios generic quote to how human resource is now seen as essential in many modern businesses (Teece et al 1997, Barney and Wright 1996.) As personnel development is doubtless a vital issue in modern organizations (Torraco and Swanson 1995, Nadler 1970) the issue became how a manager can overcome the ideological gap between themselves and the workforce (Miles 1965.) The aspects that allow managers to do this and successfully implement development policies were tackled in first off terms of employee expectations for managers, where Mehra and Brass communication recommendations and Erauts views on emotional intelligence were a focal point, and secondly the managerial influences on their staff such(prenominal) as the use of transformational leadership and the individualistic style proposed by Barton and Deschamps (1988.) In this way managerial work is very much a self fulfilling prophecy where their ex pectations for the workforce will likely become reality (Swanson 1995,) and in this context managers should use this information about how to approach issues to their advantage, due to the power value of information as seen by Goad (2002.)ReferencesArthur, J.B. (1994) Effects of homophile option Systems on Manufacturing consummation and Turnover. The Academy of guidance journal, Vol 37, No 3 (June 1994) pp 670-687.Barney, J. B. &038 Wright, P. M. 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(2001) The Social Networks of High and Low Self-Monitors Implications for Workplace Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol 46, No 1 (March 2001) pp 121-146.Miles, R.E. (1965) Human Relations or Human ResourcesHarvard Business Review, Volume 43, Issue 4, pp 148.Miles, R.E. Charles, C. (1984) Designing strategic human resources systems. Organizational Dynamics, Vol 13, Issue 1, pp 36-52.Nadler, L. (1970) Developing Human Resources. Gulf Publishing Company, Book Publishing Division, loge 2608, Houston, Texas 77001.Niederkofler, M. (2002) The evolution of strategic alliances Opportunities for managerial influence. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol 6, Issue 4 (July 1991) pp 237257.O,Neill, M.J. (2007) Measuring workplace performance. (2nd Ed) CRC Press.Ramsay, H. Scholarios, D. and Harley, B. (2000) Employees and High-Performance Work Systems Testing inside the vitriolic Box. British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol 38, Issue 4, pp 501-531.Romzek, B.S. (1990) Employee Investment and Commitment The Ties That Bind. semipublic Administration Review, Vol 50, Issue 3, pp 374-382.Soliman, F. and Spooner, K. (2000) Strategies for implementing knowledge management role of human resources management. Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol 4, Issue 4, pp 337-345.Stewart, T.A. (1996) Human resources bites back. Fortune, 175.Swanson, R.A. (1995) Human resource development Performance is the key. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol 6, issue 2, pp 207-213.Swanson, R.A. and Holton, E.F. (2009) Foundations of Human Resource Development. (2nd Ed) Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc.Sy, T. Tram, S. and OHara, L.A. (2006) Relation of em ployee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, Vol 68, Issue 3 (June 2006) pp 461473.Teece, D.J. Pisano, G. And Shuen, A. (1997) Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, Vol 18, Issue 7, pp 509-533.Ulrich, D. (1998) A new mandate for human resources. Harvard business review, January February 1998.Vischer, J.C. (2005) property meets status Designing workplace performance. Routledge Publications.Vischer, J.C. (2006) The concept of workplace performance and its value to managers. California management review, Vol 49, No 2.Wayne, S.J. Liden, R.C. Graf, I.K. and Ferris, G.R. (2006) The role of upward influence tactics on human resource decisions. Personnel psychology, Vol 50, Issue 4, pp 979-1006.Wright, P.M. McMahan, G.C. and McWilliams, A. (2006) Human resources and prolong competitive advantage a resource-based perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol 5, Issue 2.

Value Alignment: The Pepsi Company

Organizations need strategic mean to claim come apart possibilities in achieving success. Part of creating a strategic figure that sum an organization is aligning its set with what the organization wants to accomplish and how is achieve. In this paper, Learning group B uses the Pepsi Company as the organization of topic. Team B will discuss the evolution of personal dress as well as the values at the workplace. Also the paper includes how the values of each individual affects actions and behaviors, the alignment of the Pepsi Company values with its plans and actions, and how our values as a team put up be reflective in the Pepsi Company.Coke and PepsiIn a family setting, p bents teach their children to value certain things whether it is physical or mental. You argon taught the difference between what is right and what is wrong. To value something is to determine its worth or regard, such as a life or money and in handicraft, the proceedss and services rendered to the cus tomers. Value expresses what is important to a person. Throughout life state use what they capture learned in an effort to shape their communities, schools as well as social organizations creating an environment that has high hopes for a better way of living.Because of the amount of time people spend in the workplace, they should be responsible for setting the tone for the pillowcase of behavior displayed without the organization. Oftentimes, organizations are held responsible for setting the legal, moral, and ethical codes for the workplace when the employees determine how they will behave. ontogenesis codes of business values and ethics are increasing in businesses and master associations to ensure ethical standards are consistent throughout the business application (Pearce & adenylic acid Robinson, 2009).Personal and workplace values should in many slipway be the same. A person should value and display the same type of behavior in his personal and business lifestyles. Th e positive reputation a person demonstrates personally should be displayed as well in the passkey arena. Businesses should value their customers, investors, and workers because these are the individuals who help grow organization and keep it war-ridden in its product market. E veryone has personal values. Those values can be very influential in their actions and behaviors.Some personal values can be excellence, improvement, credibility, individuality, responsibility, applaud, loyalty, empathy, courage, wisdom, security, teamwork, and empowerment. There are many other personal values that can drive a persons actions. Values can have an impact on how an individual make decisions, how he works, how someone reacts to problems, and what products he buys or uses. The Pepsi Company states, Our Values & international ampere Philosophy are a reflection of the socially and environmentally responsible caller we aspire to be. They are the foundation for every business decision we make (Peps iCo, 2012).Pepsi makes it clear that their values reflectt their decision making. This is how individuals are as well. When a person has the values of loyalty, and respect he will be the type that will buy or use products from whom he knows are fair. This is what many companies strive to find at heart its customers. Knowing the customers values can be very helpful to a company. Pepsi Company alignment balances it values and its plans and actions. The Pepsi mission line states Our mission is to be the orbs premier consumer Products Company focused on contented nutriments and beverages.We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity (PepsiCo Inc. , 2012). As for the Pepsi flock statement states PepsiCo responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in whic h we operate environment, social, economic creating a better tomorrow than today. Because Pepsi has designed this statement for their company they stand behind it by offering tasting food nd beverage to its customers all over the world. Pepsi offers a great product but also its offer great opportunities for it employees, business owners, and the rest of the community.In order for Pepsi to meet these values and plans they put in place the direct principles for their company as well. These six guiding principles are Care for our customers, our consumers, and the world we live in. Sell only products we can be proud of. call with truth and candor. Balance short term and long term. Win with diverseness and inclusion. Respect others and succeed together. ( PepsiCo, 2012) Each of these principles is what makes Pepsi what it is today. Logistics and operations are core to PepsiCos success (PepsiCo. , 2012). Employees who share backgrounds, such as a military fit well at PepsiCo, a merit and performance based company with a focus on leadership and teams (PepsiCo Inc. 2012). Chad, one of our teammates can equal with that statement. Because of his prior service it speaks to him because he was a leader in the Army, and he has a level of respect for a company like PepsiCo.At the same time PepsiCo realizes that people are its greatest asset (Durkin, 2012). It is important to us that our personal and workplace values be closely machine-accessible to those of the company we work for. The values that PepsiCo strives for are the same values that were indwelling for Chad as a member of the United States Army. It is satisfying to work for a company whose values are aligned with those of an individual. Though our values are aligned, it is most imperative that those values are upheld in PepsiCos plans and actions and non just in their words or statements.PepsiCo must ensure to have leaders who hold individuals accountable to the values of the company. Individuals value s can determine how actions will be perform. Values show how an individual personality is through his behavior. The Pepsi Company is one of the best in the beverage industry. Its products are favourite but also the company values are exceptional. The Pepsi Company provides a great balance between its values, and the impact that causes to its employees and the community. All those are factors that mount the creation of a strategic plan effective for the organization.ReferencesDurkin, Tom (2012). Profiles of PepsiCo JMO. Retrieved from http//www.pepsico.com/Careers/Junior-Military-Officers/Profiles.htmlPearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B.,(2009). Strategic management Formulation, implementation, and control. (11thed.). New York, NY. McGraw-Hill.PepsiCo Inc. (2012). Our Mission and Vision. Retrieved from http//www.pepsico.com/Company/Our-Mission-and-Vision.htmlPepsiCo Inc. (2012). PepsiCo Values & Philosophy. Retrieved from http//www.pepsico.com/Company/PepsiCo-Values-and-Philos ophy.html

Public Smoking Ban In The UK

Smoking is a major income to the governing body it brings in ab stripeed forbidden(p) 10 billion pounds annually. The government has proceeded to raise the value come in of tobacco above the inflation rate from 1993 to the present day, this was implemented to help reduce consumption further.This policy has resulted that tax on tobacco in the UK is amongst the steepest in the world and far fore of any of those in other EU member states. For example the worth of a typical pack of cigarettes in the UK is latestly 5.54, whilst in Belgium the legal injury is about 2.70 and in Latvia they retail at a mere 42p.The personify to the NHS of take in related illnesses is generally not believed to outweigh the income the government makes out of tobacco sales.The government is being very hypocritical of themselves beca social function a heavy(a) amount of everyday money comes from the tax of cigarettes but at the same time the government is trying to stop great deal form fume by banning plenty to smoke in public places and likewise with adverts on television urging people to stop bullet.There has been a lot of opposition to the heater ban of which the arguments bring in been that the ban ordain be disastrous to small pubs that rely on smokers to keep their transmission line afloat. Small pub landlords brace said that they will loose resilient trade from people who normally go out to the pub to have a smoke and a pint who nowadays will cheque at home instead and smoke and drink there. A knock on effect of the economic down turn is perceived to be a loss of jobs across the industry and rising pub prices as landlords would have no choice but to subsidise their loss of telephone line by increasing prices. The closure of pubs would ultimately result in a lack of choice for the customer.People who are still against the ban point alternative methods of how to reduce the health impact of passive sens.The introduction of the use of ventilation is regar ded by some as an adequate solution on its own. Some respondents are strongly of the opinion that ventilation removes all the harmful effects of take from the air.Designated smoking areas in public places are have previously been used before the smoking ban came into effect in various shopping malls, restaurants and clubs. People did not complain about these smoking areas, of which people who wanted to smoke could do so inside out of the way of other people who did not want to smoke.People against the smoking ban argue that separate designated smoking areas with good ventilation is a better alternative then banning smoking in public places altogether.The government doesnt want to stop there with banning smoking. They have some banned the rights of people to smoke in their own car. The impartiality now states that if the driver is smoking and does not have full control of the fomite the driver can be prosecuted for smoking while driving. This is an extension of the current law wh ich is that the driver must have full control of the fomite at all times. What I do not at a lower placestand is that wherefore the government feels that they now have to have a separate law to cover smoking while driving, does that not as well as come under the law that states that the driver must have full control of the vehicle at all times?There have now also been talks that a law is trying to be passed to stop adults smoking in their own vehicle while a child is present, is this on the button saying to the nation that they cannot look after their own children?Ibi from Birmingham have in minds that banning smoking is a way for the government to take all of our fun away. This seems ok but doesnt anybody else worry about this being a slippery slope. First, no smoking in public places, then no smoking at all, then no drinking, no shouting, no laughing, no talking and no fun. And once this is all done they will find something else to ban. And im a non smoker.Howard prat Dell from Chelmsford watchs that the money made by the government from smokers is too high to ignore the rights of one of its biggest money makers. I do not agree with a pith ban on smoking. It is my right to smoke and the government make a considerable amount of money from my smoking through taxes which easily pays for any health bell tot he NHS.Colin McEwan from Edinburgh agrees that the smoking ban could have bigger economic consequences than we think. The Scottish government is drawing off its own regulations regarding smoking and seems to be bent on a total ban. This, in my view is a step too far at this time. I work in Ireland where such a ban has, I believe, reduced pub sales substantially in some areas and has cost some jobs. I have no issue with the argument that people must not be subjected to passive smoking. But the alternatives, such as designated smoking areas with proper ventilation have not been properly considered. for sure it will be difficult to implement proper ly but the criminalise it everywhere brigade does not seem to be interested in the system of logic only the principle.The smoking ban seams to be supported by many more non-smokers than smokers. I think that because smokers are a minority here, the legal age have won their case outright. There seams to be more qualified alternative methods than the banning of smoking in public places completely.I think that the banning of smoking in public places was a policy desexualise up by the government to try and win the votes of the majority of people because people had lost faith in the current government because of the presently unsuccessful invasion of Iraq.

Comparison of word processors

Use your textbook and online trading search sites such as workshops. Com, monster. Ca, dice. Com (not dice. Ca) or other Government or Company sites of your choice to curtly research each of these five types of jobs. Canadian information is preferred. If you do go for IIS information please be original to indicate it in your description.For each of the five you should, at a minimum, look into and present back Summaries of job descriptions or functions Experience required Education required Salary or Hourly Rate (if available) Is this a good job for you? Why yes or no? (what am really interested in) Any other precious or pertinent information Create ONE of the following to mete out your findings with Well formatted MS-Word document pages) log type video of you sharing your findings and thoughts (Make sure you include your own thoughts as well. Formatting is up to you but should demonstrate consistency in fonts, sizes, color, spacing etc. If you Copy &038 Paste from a website to MS Word you may need to clean up the formatting a bit as well. This is NOT intended to be a huge assignment. Some students have found it to be effective to stool a emulate page / form in MS-Word and then satiate it out for each job. Flex those Word skillsPlease include in your work which website URL you actually referenced. Multimedia submissions should be accompanied with golf links in the shoots description or in a text file submitted alongside the media file. If job reference numbers or some take of identification is available please include them.

A Review of the Role of Soluble Fiber in Health with Specific Reference to Wheat Dextrin

Journal of world(prenominal) medical checkup enquiry http//imr. sagepub. com/ A occupy of the enjoy handst of dis meltable fictitious character in wellness with Specific eccentric to stalk Dextrin JL Slavin, V Savarino, A P ardes-Diaz and G Fotopoulos Journal of detainational Medical reticuloendothelial systemearch 2009 37 1 DOI 10. 1177/147323000903700hundred and one The online version of this article give the gate be found at http//imr. sagepub. com/content/37/1/1 published by http//www. sagepublications. com Additional services and information for Journal of International Medical Research lot be found at Email Alerts http//imr. agepub. com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions http//imr. sagepub. com/subscriptions Reprints http//www. sagepub. com/journalsReprints. nav Permissions http//www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav >> variation of Record Feb 1, 2009 What is This? Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by knob on butt on 27, 2013 The Journal of International Medic al Research 2009 37 1 17 A Review of the Role of Soluble reference in Health with Specific type to straw berry Dextrin JL SLAVIN1, V SAVARINO2, A PAREDES-DIAZ3* 1 AND G FOTOPOULOS4Department of Food scholarship and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Genoa, Italy 3Novartis Consumer Health, Parsippany, New Jersey, USA 4Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland dextrin, ground on a search of PubMed. The evidence suggests that plunk down- dis meltable qualitys answer to order the digestive system, whitethorn growing microsolid food assiduousness, stabilize credit line glucose and scorn channel farm animal serum lipids, whitethorn prevent several ordnancetro enteral disorders, and charter an accepted government agency in the prevention of cardiovascular distemper.It is concluded that appurtenance with dissolvable characters (e. g. take away dextrin) may be aimful in indi viduals at luck of exposureiness of a gl are than recommended forageary role use of goods and services. ACIDS dietetic persona is widely recognise to nurture a salutary role in overall wholesomeness, solely only at adequate takes (25 38 g/ solar daylight convictiontime for tidy growns). Wheat dextrin in particular is a soluble theatrical role that can easy be added to the provender and is widely used in the solid fodder industry. There is some debate about whether change magnitude use of soluble character references survives to wellness benefits.This paper criticisms the evidence regarding the physiologicalal assembles and potential health benefits of the addition of soluble dietetical fictitious characters, with particular proposition theatrical role to pale yel get-go identify WORDS SOLUBLE FIBER WHEAT DEXTRIN SHORT-CHAIN FATTY PHYSIOLOGICAL personal do HEALTH BENEFITS PREBIOTICS Introduction case, the indigestible part of plants much( prenominal) as grains, fruits and vegetables (Table 1), has a fundamental role in the regulation of the digestive system and may serve up to prevent troublesome disorders such(prenominal) as constipation,1 3 play4 6 and excitable gut syndrome. 9 Fiber may as well dish out to regulate the denseness of micronutrients,3,10,11 stabilize glucose12 14 and cholesterin levels,15 17 begin a role in cardiovascular health18 20 and possibly attend to prevent some forms of cancer. 21 23 *Current address 90 Possum Way, New Providence, NJ 07974, USA. Many food and healthc are professionals use the price soluble and indissoluble fictional characters for nutrition labeling. 24 27 Soluble fictitious characters dissolve in water and usually form a gel.They are widely distributedly played by bacteria in the visit catgut, but they are indigestible and hence not impris 1d into the declinestream. 24,28 Soluble graphemes withal ferment to form short- drawstring fertile poi nts (SCFAs) such as butyrate, ethanoate and propionate (Table 2). 17,29 34 Short-chain fatso acids constituentrate approximately 1 2 kcal/g of ingested reference, so are used as an vim acknow directgment by the enteral Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by node on March 27, 2013 1 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al.The health benefits of soluble reference TABLE 1 Classification systems for fictional character base on four different case characteristics dietetic character references Lignin (polyphenolic compound, in electric cell walls of woody plants and seeds) Cellulose (glucose polymer, in all plant cell walls) ? -Glucans (glucose polymers, in oats, legal professionley) Hemicelluloses (polysaccharides, in plant cell walls) Pectins (viscous polysaccharides, in fruits and berries) Gums (viscous polysaccharides, in seeds e. g. uar glue) Inulin and oligofructose (mixture of fructose chains, in plants such as onions) repelling starch (starch in plant cell wall s inaccessible to human digestive enzymes often found in bananas and le gluees may in any case be formed by food processing) Soluble types Wheat dextrin ? -Glucans Gums (e. g. cluster bean gum, overtonely hydrolyzed cluster bean gum) Mucilages (e. g. fleawort) Pectins Fructo-oligosaccharides Some hemicelluloses Sources oat products, legumes ( prohibitionist beans, peas, lentils) Fermentable fictional characters Wheat dextrin Pectins ? Glucans Guar gum Partially hydrolyzed cluster bean gum Inulin and oligofructose Sources oats, barley, fruits, vegetables Viscous fibers Pectins ? -Glucans Some gums (e. g. guar gum) Mucilages (e. g. psyllium) structural fibers Resistant dextrins (e. g. shuck dextrin) (indigestible polysaccharides formed when starch is heated and treated with enzymes includes tolerant maltodextrins) Psyllium (viscous mucilage, isolated from husks of psyllium seeds also known as ispaghula husk) Chitin and chitosan (nondigestible clams from exoskeletons of cr ustaceans, e. . crabs, lobsters deacetylation of chitin gives chitosan, a nondigestible glucosamine polymer) Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS, short synthetic fructose) Polydextrose and polyols (synthetic polysaccharides used as bulking agents and profits substitutes in foods) indissoluble fibers Cellulose Lignin Some pectins Some hemicelluloses Sources stubble bran, some vegetables Non-fermentable fibers Cellulose Lignin Sources cereal fibers rich in cellulose (e. g. wheat bran)Non-viscous fibers Cellulose Lignin Some hemicelluloses mucosa and are absorbed with the colonic wall, where they are metabolized to produce energy or transported into the general circulation. 29 SCFAs also stimulate epithelial cell differentiation and pro demeanorration. 29 Soluble fibers can also promote the growing of colonic Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by customer on March 27, 2013 2 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiberTABLE 2 Short-chain fatso acids (SCFA) produced by fermentable, soluble fiber17,29 34 Butyrate wide recognized as the most prodigious acid in terms of its documented cause in the colon The preferred nutrient for the cells facing the colonic epithelium, in particular the distal colon and rectum The preferred substratum for colonocytes Positive founds on colonic mucosal growth, crypt cell proliferation, and early- chemical reaction gene expression acetate A fuel for skeletal and cardiac muscle, kidney and the header A substrate for fatso acid and cholesterol synthesis Propionate Metabolized by the liver Only SCFA that can be a major seed of glucose (after metabolism, used for energy mathematical product) May play a role in cholesterol lowering bacterial botany (prebiotic effect). 35 37 Insoluble fibers, on the other and, do not dissolve in water, are principally less fermentable by colonic microflora and are indigestible,26 so pass done the intestines almost intact. Insoluble fibers have passive wate r-attracting properties that encourage to normalize large intestine carry by acting worry a sponge, pulling water into the rear end and making it easier to pass. 38 They may also decelerate intestinal transit time, gain faecal load through bulk action, delay glucose assiduousness and help to control and equipoise the pH in the intestines. 39,40 In the USA, the quotidian divine guidance recommended by the American Dietetic standoff (ADA) is 20 35 g fiber/day for well-preserved adults, and age plus 5 g/day for children. 6 The human being Health agreement (WHO) recommends > 25 g/day,41 plot the British Nutrition posterior recommends 12 24 g/day for fit adults. 42 The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine found the Adequate Intake (AI) recommendation for fiber (both soluble and insoluble),24 which ranges from 19 to 38 g/day for children, depending on age, and from 25 to 38 g/day for honorable adults. The majority of people, however, do not seem to achieve the recommended daily white plague of fiber, and women in general seem to use up lower amounts than men. 43,44 Wheat dextrin is a soluble fiber that has been widely used in the food industry because it has a low viscosity and so has a ethical union when added to water, beverages or soft food. 4 It is formed by thawing wheat starch at luxuriously temperature, followed by enzymatic (amylase) intervention to form a liberal starch. 24,45 It qualifies as a dietetical fiber because the non-digestible glucoside linkages (Fig. 1) lead to incomplete hydrolysation, so that only a small piece of wheat dextrin is absorbed in the small intestine and the rest is slow fermented in the large intestine. 3 This review aims to assess the evidence regarding the physiological effectuate and potential health benefits of accessorying the diet with soluble fibers, with specific reference to wheat dextrin. Data source The PubMed entropybase (US guinea pig Library Downloaded from im r. sagepub. om by guest on March 27, 2013 3 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber CH2OH O OH O OH O CH2OH O OH HO O CH2 O OH O OH O OH CH2OH O OH O OH CH2OH O OH OH O OH OH O OH O OH HO 12 bond O O CH2OH O OH CH2OH O O OH OH O OH 13 bond CH2OH O OH O CH2 O OH O HO CH2OH O OH 16 bond O CH2 O H2 C O O CH2OH O CH2OH O OH O HO OH contrive 1 chemic structure of wheat dextrin of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was searched (to July 2007) using the terms wheat dextrin and soluble fiber, and studies were selected based on whether they evaluated the physiological or clinical personal effects of soluble fibers.Although this non-systematic approach limits the review in that a three-figure abridgment was not performed, it does allow a general and potentially recyclable overview of the effects of supplementation with soluble fibers. physiologic effects of soluble fibers FERMENTABILITY In vitro zymosis of wheat dextrin, inulin and part hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG), and analysis of the upshoting SCFA end product over a 24-h period17 revealed that all three fibers demonstrated detectable fermentability. Acetate was the main SCFA produced by all fibers, accounting for about 50% of the good SCFA. Over 24 h, wheat dextrin produced substantially to a greater extent amount of money SCFA, propionate and butyrate than PHGG, which consistently showed lower fermentability at all time points (Fig. 2A 2C).To mortify torpedo business (which can be socially undesirable and cause uncomfortable bloating), big upheaval at 24 h is desirable, succession fast tempestuousness (e. g. eminenter(prenominal) values at 4 h) may be undesirable. The total amount of SCFA produced by wheat dextrin at 4 h was scarcely over half the amount produced by glucose Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 4 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber A Concentratio n (mol/ml) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 B Concentration (mol/ml) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 4 8 12 while since buzz off of fermentation (h) 24 0 4 8 12 clipping since start of fermentation (h) 24 C Concentration (mol/ml) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 4 8 12 Time since start of fermentation (h) 24 Wheat dextrin PHGG Inulin F97 GlucoseFIGURE 2 Analysis of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) action interest in vitro fermentation of wheat dextrin, partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG) inulin and glucose ( commanding control) over 24 h (A) total SCFA production (B) butyrate production and (C) propionate production17 (positive control) and almost half the amount produced by inulin at the aforementioned(prenominal) time point (Fig. 2A). The fermentation of wheat dextrin, therefore, occurred slowly over 24 h, so its consumption was less apt(predicate) to result in the gas production that can occur as a result of rapid fiber fermentation. composition towards a more in force(p) distribution. 17,46 F or example, the consumption of fructo-oligosaccharides led to an increase in faecal bifidobacteria,36,47,48 while ingestion of polydextrose resulted in a dosedependent mitigate in bacteriodes and an increase in expert lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. 49 court of PHGG for 3 hebdomads change magnitude the Lactobacillus spp count in bowel movement. 0 Consumption of wheat dextrin led to a lower colonic pH, an increase in the faecal meanness of glucosidases, a statistically remarkable increase in the beneficial lactobacilli population and a statistically significant precipitate in unhealthful Clostridium perfringens. 35 In another plain, wheat dextrin change magnitude the fecal dumbness of glucosidase45,51 change magnitude glucosidase activity is considered beneficial to the host and is linked to substrate fermentation lead to more SCFAs and lactic acid production. PREBIOTIC EFFECT The SCFAs produced by soluble fermentable fibers are moderately strong acids (pK 4. 8)29 and so they lower colonic pH. Lowering the pH in the large ntestine may deem the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli because they have a strong intrinsic resistance to acid and the lower pH may help to prevent the growth of pH-sensitive infective bacteria such as clostridia. 30 Many soluble fermentable fibers have demonstrated a significant prebiotic effect and alter the intestinal microflora Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 5 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber EFFECT ON LAXATION AND system The formation of SCFAs helps to cleanse laxation and geometrical regularity by increasing fecal bulk and cant and increasing the waterholding capacity (and thus the hydration) of feces. 0,46 The increase in fecal bulk and tilt results from the presence of fiber, the water that the fiber holds and the partial fermentation of the fiber, which increases the amount of bacteria in the feces. 52 Studies have sustain tha t consumption of the soluble fibers inulin or oligofructose result in an increase in fecal weight,53 while inulin helped to reduce constipation2 and polydextrose increase fecal mass and sometimes stool oftenness. 49,54 Consumption of psyllium fundamentally increased stool frequency and stool weight, increased stool water content, improved stool consistency, increased the frequency of bowel movements and reduced pain on defecation. 55 59 Wheat dextrin all important(p)ly increased dry fecal fruit by 70% (P < 0. 02) and wet fecal output by 45% (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 3). The increase in wet fecal output was due to increased dry matter output (38%) and increased water output (62%). IMPROVED nourishing/MINERAL ABSORPTION Although dietetic fibers are traditionally judgment to decrement mineral submergence, animal models and human studies have demonstrated that soluble fermentable fibers appear to increase the absorption of certain minerals. 3,10,60 62 For example, soluble fibers may increase atomic number 20 absorption through the increased production of SCFAs, with an increase in the villus crypt height, number of epithelial cells per crypt, cecal vein flow and mucosal-to-serosal calcium fluxes and stimulation of the expression of calbindinD9K, thereby enhancing the active calcium transport route. 3 Soluble fibers may also increase the absorption of other minerals such as magnesium, atomic number 30 and iron. 3,10,11 Studies in rats showed that the absorption of calcium, magnesium and/or zinc may be erectd by guar gum,64 inulin,10,65 oligofructose65 and PHGG. 11 In salutary men supplemented with either wheat dextrin or dextrose (100 g/day), ingestion of wheat dextrin significantly increased magnesium apparent absorption (50. 9%, P = 0. 001) and guardianship (30. 9 mg/day, P = 0. 024) and tended 80 P < 0. 02 70 60 Increase (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Wet fecal output FIGURE 3 Effect of wheat dextrin on fecal output3 Dry fecal output P < 0. 05 45% 70% Dow nloaded from imr. sagepub. om by guest on March 27, 2013 6 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber (not statistically significant) to increase calcium apparent absorption (37. 4%) and retention (111 mg/day) (Table 3). 3 prandial plasma glucose concentrations (13 mg, P = 0. 04) and a significant simplification in the urinary voidance of glucose (P = 0. 008) compared with the low-fiber diet. 13 In fact, the effects of fiber on glucose concentrations are most evident in individuals with diabetes mellitus and it has been suggested that diabetics should consume 25 50 g/day of dietetical fiber, with ? 55% of their calorie inspiration coming from carbohydrate. 4 To assess the effect of fiber on the risk for diabetes, more than 65 000 women (40 65 years of age) were followed for 6 years it was found that dietetical glycemic index and glycemic load were positively associated with the training of type 2 diabetes, and dietetical fiber was inve rsely associated. 75 beyond the effects of fiber on post-prandial glucose and insulin, fiber alters the reactions and actions of the gut hormones gastric repressive peptide,76 glucagon-like peptide177 and cholecystokinin (CCK). 78 CCK is a peptide hormone and neurotransmitter that regulates gut motility, gall bladder condensation and pancreatic enzyme secretion and may mediate the post-prandial glycemic and insulinemic response to viscous fibers. A direct correlation has been report surrounded by post-prandial CCK and subjective satiation win following ingestion of foods with varying amounts of fiber. 79,80 DECREASED GLYCEMIA AND INSULINEMIAThrough the production of SCFAs, soluble fibers can stimulate pancreatic insulin release and affect liver control of glycogen breakdown,66,67 and so may be effective in decreasing blood glucose and insulin levels and improving glycemic and insulinemic indices. 68 Guar gum,69,70 inulin12 and dextrin71 were all found to improve postprandial gl ycemia. In healthy subjects, the glycemic index of wheat dextrin was 25% compared with dextrose and the insulin response with wheat dextrin was also low at 13% compared with dextrose. 14 Resistant dextrins led to reduced blood glucose concentrations and insulin secretion in rats after sucrose or maltose loading,72,73 reduced the post-prandial blood glucose concentrations in healthy men and women,13 and significantly reduced fasting blood glucose concentrations in type 2 diabetics. 6 In patients with type 2 diabetes given a diet game (25 g soluble plus 25 g insoluble fiber) or low (8 g soluble plus 16 g insoluble fiber) in total fiber, the gritty-fiber diet resulted in significantly lower pre- TABLE 3 Effect of wheat dextrin supplementation (100 g/day) on the absorption and retention of magnesium and calcium in healthy men3 dextroglucose diet Calcium Apparent absorption, mean, mg/day (%) Retention, mean, mg/day Magnesium Apparent absorption, mean, mg/day (%) Retention, mean, mg/da y 187 (28. 8) 39. 3 65 (30. 4) 0. 3 Wheat dextrin diet 269 (37. 4) 111 117 (50. 9) 30. 9 Statistical importation (P-value) 0. 093 0. 122 0. 001 0. 024 Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 7 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al.The health benefits of soluble fiber REDUCED CHOLESTEROL LEVELS The SFCAs can destroy cholesterol synthesis by the liver and may reduce serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides. 81 Soluble, viscous fibers are also thought to exert their hypocholesterolemic action by increasing fecal sterol excretion and stimulating hepatic bile acid synthesis. 82,83 In a metaanalysis of 67 controlled trials, consumption of 2 10 g/day of fiber (i. e. pectin, oat bran, guar gum, psyllium) reduced total cholesterol by 4% and LDL-C by 7% compared with placebo. 15 No significant effect was observed on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerol concentrations.A greater reduction in se rum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations was also noted in type 2 diabetics who consumed 60 g/day patient of dextrin compared with type 2 diabetics or healthy adults who consumed 30 g/day. 16 No difference was observed in the concentration of HDL-C. A diet high in total fiber (25 g soluble plus 25 g insoluble fiber) led to significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (P = 0. 02), very(prenominal)-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (P = 0. 01) and triglyceride (P = 0. 02) concentrations compared with a low-fiber diet, indicating that high fiber dream, especially soluble fiber, improves plasma lipid profile. 3 It has also been proposed that soluble fermentable fibers may lead to a reduction of cholesterol levels via the increased amounts of propionate produced during their fermentation by the commensal bacteria, because propionate may inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis. 84 Fibers producing high amounts of SCFAs (particularly propionate), such as wheat dext rin, may help to sustain cholesterol levels within the normal range. 17 The cholesterol-lowering effects of wheat dextrin have been demonstrated in animal trials. 85 The findings suggest that its cholesterol-lowering effect is likely to be related to reduced cholesterol and bile salt absorption. However, not all soluble fibers are hypocholesterolemic agents for example, oat bran has been shown to lower serum lipids while wheat bran did not. 81 IMMUNE FUNCTIONIt is possible that SCFAs help to improve repellent function, as they stimulate the production of T helper cells, antibodies, leukocytes and splenocyte cytokines, all of which have a crucial role in immune protection. 86,87 In addition, SCFAs improve the hindrance properties of the colonic mucosal layer, thus inhibiting inflammatory and adhesion irritants. 88 90 Lactic-acid-forming bacteria competitively inhibit and/or suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and may have a positive work on immune function. 91,92 WEIGHT REDUCTION Obesity is associated with increased energy wasting infirmity and reduced consumption of fiberrich foods,93 while fiber phthisis is inversely associated with be weight and organic structure fat. 94 97 Increasing daily fiber intake is an effective way of providing a satiating effect. 8 dietetic fiber also decreases gastric emptying and/or slows energy and nutrient absorption (a fiber-rich meal, which is also usually richer in micronutrients, is processed more slowly and nutrient absorption occurs over a greater period of time99), leading to lower post-prandial glucose and lipid levels. Furthermore, addition of dietary fiber to a low-calorie diet has been shown to lead to a significantly greater weight sledding (8. 0 kg) compared with placebo (5. 8 kg). 100 When post-menopausal women consumed higher fiber diets, this was associated with significant weight loss. 101 A high Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 8 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-D iaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber carbohydrate diet consumed ad libitum (i. e. elf-regulating), without energy restriction or change in energy intake, caused significant body weight and body fat losses in senior men and women, with a significant decrease in thigh fat area (P = 0. 003). 102 A review of the effects of increased fiber (high-fiber foods or supplementation) on hunger, repletion, energy intake and body weight revealed that controlled energy intake with increased dietary fiber led to an increase in post-meal satiety and a decrease in subsequent hunger. 103 With ad libitum energy intake, increased dietary fiber (14 g/day) resulted in an average 10% decrease in energy intake and 1. 9 kg weight loss over 3. 8 months of intervention. The effects of increasing dietary fiber were reported to be greater in obese individuals.When evaluating the effects of 1 week of supplementation with soluble fiber (guar gum, 40 g/day) on hunger, satiety rating and energy intake, mean daily energy intake rock-bottom significantly from 6. 7 to 5. 4 MJ, while hunger and satiety scads did not change. 104 Long-term (4 5 weeks) assessment of wheat dextrin (30 or 45 g/day) supplementation demonstrated a trend towards better weight maintenance compared with baseline, body weight was increased in the control classify supplemented with pure absorbable maltodextrin (+0. 87 kg P = 0. 07), whereas body weight remained stable in the wheat dextrin-treated groups (+0. 0 kg). 35 sometimes stool frequency. 9,54 Psyllium significantly increased stool frequency and stool weight, increased stool water content, improved stool consistency, increased the frequency of bowel movements and reduced pain on defecation. 55 59 Administration of PHGG for 3 weeks increased the frequency of defecation (+0. 17 /day), increased fecal wet (+5%) and decreased fecal pH. 50 Supplementation with PHGG also helped to reduce the use of cathartics (from an average of 2. 0 to 0. 2 doses/day). 105 Wheat dextrin (100 g/day) had a positive effect on fecal output in healthy men,3 with an average 45% increase in wet fecal weight (P < 0. 05) and 70% increase in dry fecal output (P < 0. 02) (Fig. 3). DIARRHEA increase intake of soluble fiber may enhance recovery and improve stool consistency in dissipation. ,5,106 109 Persistent diarrhea resolved in more children taking PHGG (84%) compared with those on the control diet (62%) (odds ratio 3. 12), while the duration of diarrhea was reduced and there was a trend towards reduction in daily stool weight that reached significance on days 4 7. 6 Compared with non-fiber control in children, PHGG significantly reduced the mean frequency of diarrhea (8. 8% versus 32. 0% P = 0. 001), resulted in significantly less days with diarrhea per total eating days (10. 8% versus 31. 5% P < 0. 001) and led to a significantly lower mean diarrhea score (4. 8 versus 9. 4 P < 0. 001). 110 PHGG also suppressed diarrhea caused by the ingestion o f high levels of non-digestible sugar substitutes. 11 In elderly patients with diarrhea, 4-week supplementation with soluble dietary fiber (7 g/day) significantly reduced the water content of feces (P < 0. 01), the fecal pH (P < 0. 05) and the frequency of daily bowel movements (P < 0. 05). 5 In addition, the fecal characteristics improved The role of soluble fiber in disease CONSTIPATION Increased daily fiber intake can reform constipation. 40,49,52 59 Consumption of inulin or oligofructose was shown to increase fecal weight,53 inulin reduced constipation2 and polydextrose increased fecal mass and Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 9 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al.The health benefits of soluble fiber and the total level of SCFAs increased significantly (P < 0. 05). 5 In patients with fecal incontinence, significantly fewerer incontinent stools were observed in those who consumed dietary fiber (psyllium or gum arabic) than those rece iving placebo. 4 Improvements in fecal incontinence or stool consistency did not appear to be related to unfermented dietary fiber. However, the effects of increased soluble fiber on diarrhea are inconclusive, as a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials found no evidence that dietary fiber was effective in treating diarrhea. 112 randomized studies would be useful to confirm the potentially beneficial effects of soluble fiber in IBS.DIVERTICULOSIS A diet low in fiber is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease. 114 Increasing dietary fiber produces bulky, soft stools, facilitating defecation and trim down intracolonic pressure. 114 Increased fiber also helps to promote regular bowel function and is important in controlling and minimizing diverticular disease. 115 117 Non-viscous soluble fiber is associated with a decreased risk of diverticular disease and an improvement of bowel pain. 115 In patients with diverticulosis, it is recommended that pati ents consume 20 35 g/day of fiber either through the diet or supplementation. 118 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROMETreatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is aimed at alleviating symptoms. In patients with soft symptoms, fiber supplementation (particularly non-gelling soluble fibers) may help to relieve the severity and frequency of IBS symptoms, including abdominal pain, spasms or distension/tension, bowel dysfunction (e. g. fluctuation between constipation and diarrhea) and flatulence. 8,9,113 PHGG was better tolerated than wheat bran and more readily accepted by IBS patients, resulting in an improved quality of life during the word period. 113 PHGG also had a positive effect on riddance frequency with a decrease in the frequency of IBS symptoms such as flatulence, abdominal tension and abdominal spasm. 13 Based on its physiological properties, wheat dextrin may also help to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms associated with IBS through increased fecal output,3 enhanced prebiotic capabilities35,45 and significant but slow fermentation in the lower intestine, producing high concentrations of SCFAs but lower amounts of gas, which could be an important aspect in relieving the discomfort caused by IBS. 17 However, double-blind, HEMORRHOIDS A low-fiber diet is thought to contribute to the etiology of hemorrhoids. 119 Increasing the fiber content in the diet can have a beneficial effect in the discourse of symptomatic hemorrhoids. 120,121 A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that increased fiber reduced the risk of bleeding and decreased the rate of recurrence of hemorrhoids,120 while a Cochrane review found that the risk of not improving hemorrhoids and having dogging symptoms decreased by 53% with increased intake of fiber, with a significant reduction in bleeding. 121CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE A number of studies have consistently found that a fiber-enriched diet (14 g fiber/1000 kcal energy) is associated with a significant reduction (16 33%) in the risk of co ronary nerve disease (CHD). 19,20,122 126 A pooled analysis of studies evaluating dietary fiber Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 10 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber intake in the USA and Europe indicated that each 10 g/day increase in total fiber intake was associated with a 14% decrease in the risk of coronary events (e. g. myocardial infarction), and a 24% decrease in deaths from CHD. 9 A study on the relationship between dietary fiber and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women over a 10-year period showed that the ageadjusted relative risk for major CVD was 0. 53 for women consuming the highest amount of fiber (22. 9 g/day) compared with those on the lowest fiber intake (11. 5 g/day). 125 Although few interventional studies have specifically assessed fiber intake on the risk of CVD, increased fiber has been shown to ameliorate some of the risk factors for CVD (e. g. high cholesterol levels, h igh blood pressure, obesity and diabetes). For example, fiber can significantly reduce blood cholesterol levels and so may be important to cardiovascular health. 5,16,81,127 down foods rich in viscous soluble fibers has been shown to reduce blood levels of LDL-C by 10 15%, with an expected reduction in CVD events of 10 15%, and it has been stated that a diet including 5 10 g/day of viscous soluble fiber reduces CVD events and death independent of baseline risk. 18 Although the cholesterol-lowering effect of soluble (especially viscous) fibers probably contributes the most to its cardioprotective effects, other mechanisms are likely to play a role. As part of a lifestyle adaptation program, fiber can help to reduce blood pressure significantly,128 sustenance research that found that highfiber intake was inversely associated with the risk of high blood pressure or high blood pressure. 129,130 Two intervention trials found that increased fiber intake resulted in significant redu ctions in blood pressure compared with placebo. 31,132 In an analysis of the association between nutrient intake and risk of stroke, dietary fiber was inversely correlated to the incidence of stroke, a relationship that was stronger in hypertensive than normotensive men. 133 Fiber is also effective at reducing the risk of diabetes and, thus, the risk of developing CVD, and can improve glycemic and insulinemic indices12,14,69 71 and decrease blood glucose and insulin levels. 13,16,72 Lowfiber, high-glycemic load diets are associated with higher serum triglyceride levels and lower HDL-C levels, which are risk factors for CVD. 134,135 Increased fiber consumption may also help control body weight and support a weight reduction program by helping to reduce obesity and, possibly, the associated risk of CVD. 94 104 Safety aspects of fiber supplementationReduced absorption of trace elements has traditionally been proposed as a potential negative effect of dietary fiber intake136,137 howev er, it is flimsy that healthy adults who consume fiber in amounts within the recommended ranges will have problems with nutrient absorption. In fact, clinical data demonstrate that soluble fibers (e. g. inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, wheat dextrin) may positively affect the absorption of certain minerals. 3,10,11,64,65 Fermentation of dietary fiber by anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine produces gas (including hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide), which may be related to complaints of distention or flatulence, especially with high intakes of fiber. An increase in dietary fiber should also be accompanied by an increase in fluid intake, and fiber should be increased gradually to allow the gastrointestinal tract time to adapt.Normal laxation may be achieved with relatively small amounts of dietary Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 11 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber fiber, and the smallest intake that results in normal laxation should be used. 138 Nevertheless, wheat dextrin has been shown to be well tolerated even up to the relatively high intake of 45 g/day. 51 Higher daily intakes (60 and 80 g) resulted in greater flatulence (P < 0. 05) and some bloating compared with placebo, but no intake resulted in diarrhea. fiber can have beneficial effects on constipation, diarrhea and the symptoms of IBS.Soluble fiber also has additional positive effects on cardiovascular health, leading to a significant risk reduction of CHD. Thus, this review of the physiological effects and subsequent health benefits of soluble fibers suggests that daily fiber supplementation could be beneficial in those individuals who are at risk of inadequate fiber in their diet. Most servings of common foods contain between 1 and 3 g of dietary fiber so it may be difficult to consume the recommended amounts of fiber. dietary assessment programs can enumerate fiber intake for different population groups, allow ing the identification of groups that have subscript fiber intake.At an individual level, fiber intake can be generally estimated based on servings of fruits, vegetables and whole grains having 2 g of dietary fiber per serving, and servings of legumes having 5 g of dietary fiber per serving. Values from high-fiber cereals or fiber supplements can be added to these totals. Wheat dextrin is one example of a soluble fiber supplement that has been shown to help normalize bowel function and is well tolerated, even at large intakes. It is slowly but extensively fermented, leading to a significantly high production of SCFAs, while its slow fermentation profile could help minimize the undesirable effects of gas production and flatulence. Wheat dextrin has also demonstrated enhanced prebiotic capabilities when used at an intake of 30 45 g/day.Based on its physiological properties, supplementation with wheat dextrin should be useful in individuals that need to complete their dietary intake with a fiber in order to achieve the daily recommended dietary levels of fiber. Conclusion Review of the evidence indicates that soluble, fermentable fibers, including wheat dextrin, have positive physiological effects that may help to improve bowel regularity and result in some health benefits. Soluble fibers are fermented in the large intestine, leading to the production of SCFAs that lower colonic pH and result in a significant prebiotic effect in which the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora (e. g. ifidobacteria, lactobacilli) and fecal glucosidase concentrations are increased, while the growth of pH-sensitive pathogenic bacteria (e. g. clostridia) is prevented or suppressed. In this way, SCFAs could promote normal bowel regularity and may help to reduce serum glucose and cholesterol levels. SCFAs also positively influence the absorption and retention of certain micronutrients (e. g. calcium, magnesium, zinc), and may improve immune function by stimulating the production of immunoprotective factors (e. g. T helper cells, antibodies) and improving the barrier properties of the colonic mucosal layer. Soluble fibers that are slowly yet extensively fermented in the large intestine (e. g. heat dextrin) are tolerated more easily than those that ferment quickly, as the latter can produce larger amounts of gas in a shorter period of time, leading to bloating and flatulence. By improving digestive balance, regularity and hydration in the gut, soluble Downloaded from imr. sagepub. com by guest on March 27, 2013 12 JL Slavin, V Savarino, A Paredes-Diaz et al. The health benefits of soluble fiber Acknowledgments tower support was given by Deborah Nock, DPP-Cordell Ltd, Saxthorpe, UK. Funding for the review was provided by Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland. Conflicts of sake Alberto Paredes-Diaz and Grigorios Fotopoulos were Novartis Consumer Health, employees at the time of manuscript preparation.The other authors had no conflicts of interest to adva nce in relation to this article. Received for publication 8 September 2008 veritable subject to revision 9 September 2008 Revised accepted 11 December 2008 Copyright 2009 Field House Publishing LLP References 1 e. e. cummings JH The effect of dietary fiber on fecal weight and composition. In CRC enchiridion of dietetic Fiber in Human Nutrition (Spiller GA, ed), second edn. Boca Raton CRC Press, 1993 pp 263 349. 2 Kleessen B, Sykura B, Zunft HJ, et al effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. 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