Appendix H

Associate Level Material American Rangelands and Forests Part 1 Choose either a rangeland or a forest of the United States and describe current federal management strategies. Explain federal efforts to manage these lands sustainably by completing the chart below. |Rangeland or Forest Location |Brief History of | | | |Rangeland or | | | |Forest | |Research and identify the effects of |Review environmental websites and journals. |Month 1–3 | |air pollution. | | | |Document the sources of air pollution and both environmental and health| | | |effects of air pollution. | | | | | | | |Document video interviews of environmental researchers and | | | |facilitators. | |Develop an education program about |Develop a presentation about why this program is needed and include air|Month 1–3 | |air pollution effects. |pollution’s ill effects, the lifestyle changes that will be required, | | | |and the benefits and challenges of change. | | |Schedule a presentation day and time. |Attend a monthly HOA meeting to present the benefits of the program. |Month 4 | | | | | |Request that the HOA board add the presentation to the following | | | |month’s agenda. | | | | | | | |Document the audio and visual equipment needed for presentation and | | | |layout of the room. | |Identify and invite community |Tally the number of homes in the community. |Month 4–5 | |participants. | | | | |Create and distribute flyers to homes announcing the next HOA meeting | | | |and the educational program that will be introduced. | | Blank Sample Action Plan Action Items |Action Steps |Timeline | |(in order) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Add more rows if needed | | | References Corporation for National & Community Service. (n. d. ). Sample sustainability plan. In Toolkit for program sustainability, capacity building, and volunteer recruitment/management (Section 4). Retrieved from http://www. nationalserviceresources. org/filemanager/download/online/sustainabilit y_plan. pdf.

Lengthening the School Day

Introduction Let me tell one of my experiences while in school. It was at exactly 3:15p.m when the physics teacher came into class. Normally the class ended at exactly 4:00 p.m.The entire lesson was quite interesting and I knew given a question on the topic I would answer it within seconds. The 4 o’clock bell rang and my mind switched to the soccer game we played the previous day. Despite the red group beating us, I knew our time to revenge had come. The teacher just assumed that he didn’t hear the bell ringing. He continued talking and talking. I realized that no one was paying him attention. Zen was busy   looking at his watch confirming the time, there were some noise in the class, books falling down ,a yawn etc.These were signals to the teacher that learning time was over, we were tired and needed a break. Finally I summoned courage and informed the teacher that time for the lesson was up.After giving me a good lecture on importance of learning, he left. There was a sigh of relief and students rushed out of class some to play soccer, swim and some to hang out. Leaning In Informal Settings Hours spent outside school and classroom setting have large impacts on high performance and social development of the students. Many people have questioned whether time outside class can boost their grades. My answer is –yes it does. Contrary to what many people beliieve, much learning takes place in outside school settings like home and the community. Hours spent outside school give a good chance of reinforcement of what is learnt in the classroom. Time Spent With Parents Parents for instance play a bigger role in student’s achievement. When parents spend time with their children, they supervise their school assignments ensuring that it’s well done. For example, my father used to check all my books after school. This made me pay attention during class time because I knew I had to explain to him why I failed some sums like in arithmetic. They do show the children their love and ensure they eat well balanced food and are generally healthy. By telling them their expectations, they reinforce high performance of the students. They share their own past experiences and provide information on how the students can access resources like libraries. They provide a link with relatives or people who have excelled in studies. All these are done outside classroom and automatically lead to high student performance. This is because the time the students are in school they will have maximum concentration due to their good health. Children learn from museums, libraries and theters.Incorperating community, family partnerships in students learning leads to greater student achievement than adding those extra learning hours in class. Sports Many times parents, guardians and even teachers think that time spent by students in sports hinders high achievement by the students. This is not true.Reseach shows that students participating in sports score higher grades than the non participating ones. Those who are always in class reading books without engaging in sports don’t score highly in tests .While many people argue that participation in sports hinders maximum concentration in studies, this is not true. Balanced participation leads to greater achievements than extending learning time for students. Good Planning Research shows that when teachers are given enough time to teach they produce better results than ‘too much time. In this case, adding an extra 2 hours to learning time is too much time. The teachers are in a position to plan their lessons well and teach effectively than adding them an extra 2 hours. Teachers can use power point handouts and small group tutorials which are more effective than too much classroom learning. Teachers can minimize time spent in school by giving group assignments . This makes students share ideas hence minimize the time used. This is very effective and improves average mean score of the school teachers go straight to the point unlike extra hours which give room for story telling and idle talk. This happens that the teachers can easily miss classes knowing they have extra time to teach. My argument is that teachers can accomplish much within time given than adding more time. Poor Concentration The human mind works well when fresh. Adding extra hours for instruction will mean that students are taught while exhausted. This will mean there is less concentration and retention of what is read. A teacher who teaches when he or she is tired will not deliver the knowledge efficiently. My experience illustrated in the introduction gives a clear picture of this. At the end of last lesson in school the mind deviates to other things like sports. Remember all work without play makes Stacy a dull girl. Extending learning hours will mean there will be dull students in class. Assignments When students are given much time to do assignments, they do a shoddy job. Ninety nine percent will never finish the work when given extra time. This means there is no need of adding the extra 2 hours to the school day as it will automatically lead to poor student’s performances. While in elementary school, Helen’s geography teacher used to give them assignments and add them extra hour to finish. It turned out that the students never used to finish the work despite the extra time given. When the teacher gave the same assignments to other students in another school she was teaching part-time, it was done well though no extra time was added. The assignment in the part –time school was well tackled and handed in on time. Over Depending Of Students on Teachers Adding extra learning hours will mean spoon feeding the students .This can be quite tiring to teachers .In any learning, it is good for teachers to give students room for personal research and study in much more relaxed environment. It is good for teaches to let students discover some things for themselves than spoon feeding which makes students easily forget what they were taught. Spoon feeding is not good for development of future scholars. It is not logical to add an extra 2 two hours to school day for greater student’s achievement. Instead of excelling, it will lead to decline in scores. Conclusion Contrary to what many believe, learning does not just take place in formal setups but also in non formal setting. This includes the family, which plays a bigger role and the community at large. Out of school experiences contribute much to student’s performance. The after school time spent by students with parents puts tremendous reinforcement to their achievement. Adding extra time will lead to poor concentration, poorly done assignments and inefficient teachers. So why want to do something poorly within much time, when you can do it better in little time?

Vendor-specific Objective Evidence

Hemo-Tech Case Presentation Outline * 1 Myles Intro: Facts: * 1 Issues: Multiple Element Arrangement * How should revenue be allocated to each deliverable? * What sales price should be allocated to each deliverable? * How are deliverables defined? * 25-4 â€Å"A vendor shall evaluate all deliverables in an arrangement to determine whether they represent separate units of accounting. That evaluation shall be performed at the inception of the arrangement and as each item in the arrangement is delivered. * 25-5 â€Å"In an arrangement with multiple deliverables, the delivered item or items shall be considered a separate unit of accounting if both of the following criteria are met: * a. The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a standalone basis. The item or items have value on a standalone basis if they are sold separately by any vendor or the customer could resell the delivered item(s) on a standalone basis. In the context of a customer's ability to resell the delive red item(s), this criterion does not require the existence of an observable market for the deliverable(s). b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2009-13 * c. If the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item or items is considered probable and substantially in the control of the vendor * 25-6 â€Å"A delivered item or items that do not qualify as a separate unit of accounting within the arrangement shall be combined with the other applicable undelivered item(s) within the arrangement.The allocation of arrangement consideration and the recognition of revenue then shall be determined for those combined deliverables as a single unit of accounting. † * * warranty, update machines * 2 Sandra Alternatives: * Company’s selling price to a different customer * A different company’s selling price of the same product * Selling price of a similar product’s prof it margin, applied to the total costs of product * Proportional based on costs * 3 4 Troy Jessie Literature: Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements: ASC 605-25 * Vendor-specific objective evidence:   ASC 605-25-30-6A * 30-6A Vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price is limited to either of the following: * a. The price charged for a deliverable when it is sold separately ( annually, supplies-$3,000 per box, monitor and test-$600,000 annually) * b. For a deliverable not yet being sold separately, the price established by management having the relevant authority (it must be probable that the price, once established, will not change before the separate introduction of the deliverable into the marketplace). Third-party evidence: ASC 605-25-30-6B * Third-party evidence of selling price is the price of the vendor’s or any competitor's largely interchangeable products or services in standalone sales to similarly situated customers. * screen and report services-$730,00 0 median price * Estimated selling price: ASC 605-25-30-6C * The vendor’s best estimate of selling price shall be consistent with the objective of determining vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price for the deliverable; that is, the price at which the vendor would transact if the deliverable were sold by the vendor regularly on a standalone basis.The vendor shall consider market conditions as well as entity-specific factors when estimating the selling price. * equipment * 5 6 Kelly Crystal Recommendations * IFRS: IAS 18? Type: Revenue Recognition Subject: Accounting for multiple-element revenue transactions under U. S. GAAP   (specifically identifying deliverables and determining selling price) and exploring the sources of IFRS guidance for such transactions

Direct Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Direct Marketing - Essay Example Data is generated by transactions that form the foundation of many industries, such as retail, manufacturing, utilities, transportation, insurance, credit cards, and banking. In addition to these internal data, external data sources also provide demographic, lifestyle, and credit information on retail customers, and credit, financial, and marketing information on business customers. Data mining is a very useful tool to analyse business data and to use it to identify key customers and in turn increase business opportunities by targeted marketing. From the direct marketing perspective, data mining and data fusion provide a necessary means to collect and analyse customers' data in order to utilise direct marketing strategy most effectively. Data mining and data fusion are the exploration and analysis of large quantities of data in order to discover meaningful patterns and rules (Berry et al., 2004). Used in various simpler forms in earlier times, mining and fusion have made way for businesses to finally make some sense out of all the data that they have accumulated for years (Rudd, 2000). Several books and journals have been published to strengthen the cause of these tools to improve relations between customers and generate more business. Some other areas where data mining and data fusion have been extensively used include credit scoring, direct marketing, sales forecasting, insurance, manufacturing, telecommunications, web-mining and text mining. An area pertaining to the scope of this paper is the application of data mining and fusion in direct marketing. Mining and fusion are useful tools in almost all aspects of a business and direct marketing. It helps in building supporting systems for day-today business. It is u seful in forecasting trends, it is used in decision making processes. It can be used in strategic planning of the course of action to be followed (Berson et al., 1999). A significant application in this area is the usage of data mining and fusion as tools in customer marketing and effective promotion (Berry et al., 2004). Customer acquisition is another such application. Statistical modeling using data mining and fusion are useful in effectively segmenting customers so that suitable marketing efforts can be carried out (Berson et al., 1999). Estimation of customer profitability is another such vital application of data mining. Determining customer segments help establish better marketing and services practice (Berson et al., 1999). Data mining and fusion thus help businesses to a very great extent in managing customers and helps maximise the tenure of relationship with customers, optimise the transactions or business carried out, increase profits associated (Berry et al., 2004). Mining is an activity that processes raw data or information recorded on a transactional basis. Earlier in smaller companies, this 'mining' process was carried out by people who dealt directly with customers. Now with companies that have billions of customers, a system has to be established to carry out these activities. Mining is a follow-up and is closely connected with data warehousing (Berson et al., 1999). If useless data has been collected and warehoused, the mining process will yield no better results. At the same time, having

Issues-based feature story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues-based feature story - Essay Example It has been reported that the number of abortions in the United States of America is decreasing but in other countries illegal abortions stay steady. A latest report by the Guttmacher Institute, a pro-choice institute, states that the number of abortions fell from over 45 million in 1995 to fewer than 42 million in 2003. That drop is all the bigger given the 10 per cent growth in the worlds population over that period. Most of the decline is in countries where abortions are legal. Prohibitions on abortion are slowly coming towards moderation, though deprived countries stay much inflexible than prosperous ones. Previously, during the period from 1967 till 1973, one-third of the states in the US eased up on their criminal abortion laws. Nevertheless, the right to have an abortion in all the fifty states became accessible to the American women in 1973 when the Supreme Court overruled the remaining warning state laws with its decision in Roe v. Wade. As a result, the number of trained doctors in the procedure increased and a countrywide system of outpatient abortion treatment centers established that allowed women who would, until that time, have had an illegal abortion or would not have been able to get one by any means, to do so lawfully in a medical service. The 1973 decision disqualified any legislative intervention in the first trimester of pregnancy and put restrictions on what limitations could be approved on abortions in later stages of pregnancy. Opposition to abortions increased turning physical and even violent. Moreover, Roe vs. Wade states that women can abort the baby as long as it hasn’t become viable. Viability is defined by the Court as the potential to live outside the mothers womb, though with artificial aid, adding that viability is normally placed at about seven months or 28 weeks but can happen earlier i.e. even at 24 weeks. Dr. Neville Sender

Group dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group dynamics - Essay Example The phenomenon is used as a tool in understanding the emotional problems of the patient and their origins. However, it’s a term that can be fruitfully examined in a therapeutic setting but we cannot ignore the fact that it is an unconscious process and is out of the conscious arena of an individual. Thus, we have to understand, that transference can occur in any given human service organizations. Wherever humans and their subjectivity are involved, there is a possibility of transference seeping in. The important thing worth exemplification is the verity that the human is not aware of the process happening in its full swing and is thus, out of the proponent’s control. Every organization is run by humans. Hence, they are well rooted within the various processes happening in the human mind. Psyche is a construct which lays down the bases of everything a human does. An altruist act of helping an unknown person in need is also an example of the unconscious working of the min d to give conscious results. Therefore, transference is a very important process to be studied in context of its application in various human service organizations. ... Yet transference mechanisms seep in without the information of the proponents. Brandell (2004) said that a client who is seeking help may elucidate the very truth behind the relationship with the caseworker in a much exaggerated form. The purpose and the nature of the alliance within these two individuals are very formal but the seeker may over-exemplify the help he’s getting from the worker in question. This sets off a complete change of unrealistic responses in him which actually tars the client’s vision. Another possibility of unconscious response on the part of the client in social work is that occurrence of transference reinforces the usage of the defense mechanism of regression. It makes the client neurotically dependent on the social work clinician. This in turn takes a face of a management problem on the part of social worker to control the plethora of unrealistic emotions guided towards him (Brandell, 2004). The solution to this problem was found by Hepworth, R ooney and Larsen in their book direct social work practice: theory and skills (1997:562-63). According to them, it’s actually of no use to focus on the past as the problem lies in the present and should be dealt in the here and now. When we focus on human resource management we come to see transference in terms of codependency. Codependents are people who have been victimized much of their lives. They easily feel anger, fear, elation, depression, worthlessness, domination, helplessness, deep emptiness and despair. These people use psychological defenses such as suppression, denial and rationalization to come over these feelings subjectively coined as pain. These mechanisms happen outside the purview of the individual’s conscious

Proposal - Reclassifying Department of Child Services Investigators as Term Paper

Proposal - Reclassifying Department of Child Services Investigators as First Responders - Term Paper Example es where family preservation is not in the immediate best interest of the children and quick intervention must be taken to insure the safety and welfare of the children("Indiana department of," 2014).   In Indiana, the Department of Child Services has a separate office in each of Indiana’s 92 counties. Each Department of Child Services office in every county works with that county’s court system and law enforcement personnel.   For the Investigators, those that respond to the initial report of abuse and neglect, they are often called upon to act quickly and make important decisions on a moments notice; therefore, it is crucial that Department of Child Services Investigators complete the necessary training to be considered qualified first responders ("Child protective services," 2014). The head of the program would be the state director. The state director shall oversee the overall progress of the whole program, make informed decisions on matters raising concern and evaluate the effectiveness and importance of the program. He/she is the core personnel in this program. Immediately below the state director is the regional director. They are several in number and are spread over different regions of the country. They are responsible for the regions assigned to them and report any matters to the state director. County directors fall third in the organization’s hierarchy. Each one of them is assigned several counties to overlook and report to the relevant regional director. They mainly supervise the trained first responders of the department. The first responders comes fourth in the organization hierarchy. They could be a minimum of about ten in number when the program attains its maximum capacity over the years as time progresses. The first responders are the ones responsible for ground work of the program. They are to receive thorough training on how to be a first responder and execute the knowledge in the field in times of disaster. They form the most crucial

Fleet Risk Management and Nigerias Transport System Dissertation

Fleet Risk Management and Nigerias Transport System - Dissertation Example The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of this country, along with recommendations for which the firm Risk Frisk Ltd. can introduce its software, the FleetRiskProfiler, which can help in the effective management of the transport system. Risk Frisk aimed to help organisations solve management problems and provide avenues for normal self-management. Before it makes its entry, the firm has to conduct a detailed study of the country that will touch on the risks, the causes of failures, possible costs, and find solutions for the problems. There are a number of transport firms operating in Nigeria in which Risk Frisk can conduct a joint venture in the implementation of the software FleetRiskProfiler. This paper used secondary research in acquiring data and information about Nigeria, ABC Transport, the local firm in which Risk Frisk Ltd. can conduct joint venture and other aspects of internationalisation and small-and-medium enterprises. Nigeria has many problems with its trans port system. Analyses of some lo

Atomic Energy Exercises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atomic Energy Exercises - Assignment Example An approximation of the distance of separation for curve 2 appears to be bigger than that of curve 1 thus accounting for the smaller energy than that of curve 1. The maximum amount of force that is needed to push the particles together is greater in curve 1 than in curve 2. This is because the vector force that pulls particles towards each other is inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance and directly proportional to the products of the two charges. Case 2 There is immense proton repulsion between the protons within the nucleus because of the Coulomb’s law electrostatic interactions. In this regard, the force that is exerted by the center protons towards the outer protons is inversely proportion to the proton’s square of the separation distance. The separation distance squared comes about because the force field of an isolated proton charge is uniform towards all directions and becomes diluted with the separation distance just like the area of the centered sphere of the point charge which increases as its radius increases. Case 3 For the incoming protons, their potential energy is smaller compared to when they reach the bottom pit in the center. From Coulomb’s law (f=kq1q2/r2), potential energy is the product of force and distance which is given by PE= kq1q2/r. This means that as the protons move from outside they are far apart from each other hence remarkably little potential energy. When protons are in the center, the particles are close to each other leading to a small separation distance thus a greater potential energy compared to that of incoming protons. Case 4 Binding energy is the mechanically required energy to disassemble an atom into nucleus and free electrons (Jones International University, 2011). Helium has a lower binding energy compared to beryllium and iron. This is because helium has an atomic mass of 2, beryllium has an atomic mass of 4, whereas iron has an atomic mass of 26. In this case, iron has the greatest binding energy because of its atomic mass that is larger than that of beryllium and helium. This is so because, from the periodic table (of elements), the elements with greater atomic mass have increasing binding energy than those with a small atomic mass up to elements that are heavier than xenon which do not obey this trend. This is due to the increasing nucleon force in the nucleus as an extra nucleon gets attracted to other nucleons making the nucleus to be tightly bound. On the other hand, the amount of energy needed to pull the nuclei together for a tight bound is less for in an iron atom than the beryllium and helium atom. This is due to the fact that iron atom has a larger atomic mass than the helium and beryllium atoms. The larger the atomic mass, the more the energy levels of an atom and the less the energy needed to push the nucleus together for a tight bound. Case 5 Uranium 238 has 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Its binding energy can be given by: a - b /A1/3 - cZ2/A4/3- d (N-Z) 2 /A2 Â ± e/A7/4. Where a = 14.0, b = 13.0, c = 0.585, d= 19.3, and e = 33. A is the number of nucleons, Z is the number of protons in the nucleus, and N is the number of neutrons in the nucleus. B.E/A = 14-13/238^1/3- 0.585x92^2/238^4/3 – 19.3 (146-92) ^2/238^2Â ± 33/238^7/4 = 0.1614-3.357-0.9936 Â ±0.002288 =-4.1892

Digital and Film Photography at a Glance in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

Digital and Film Photography at a Glance in the 21st Century Essay There is a growing debate in the world of photography today. We no longer live in the days of dark rooms, messy chemicals, and rolls of film. Technology has expanded our horizons of what we view as photography today. The growing debate is focused between two separate groups: the traditionalists, and those that subscribe to progression. Digital Photography versus film is at its peak of controversy. There are those that want to continue the time honored tradition and artistic integrity of film photography, and yet a growing group of artists that embrace the future and technology with digital photography. I, personally, can relate to both sides of the argument, and mean to provide a unbiased view of each. By establishing both the positive and negative attributes of film and digital photography, the ultimate decision is up to the reader to choose where their alliance lays. The tried and true method of film photography still carries many benefits. The overall photo quality is still best when using film. This is especially true when it comes to larger sized, up to and including wall-sized prints. This all breaks down to the photo’s resolution. Resolution can be altered with film in the development process. A standard resolution for 35mm films is 24 megapixels. A megapixel refers to one million pixels, but this can be altered and scanned to higher resolutions with high-grained film. Film cameras are also beneficial to the wallet. A high definition film camera is still much cheaper than its digital analog. Film cameras are also less likely to depreciate, because of market standards and the lack of new film technology, film cameras seem to keep, or grow in value. A camera that utilizes film also expands the photographer’s repertoire of tools such as lenses, filters, time lapses, and overexposure. (Unknown) ] Digital photography is not without its own advantages. When using a digital camera the great advantage is that you have an LCD screen, and can assess framing and focus. Digital cameras additionally provide a â€Å"histogram† display that guarantee you a much higher percentage of well exposed. This is a great help when shooting. No longer are the days when you have to develop your images before reviewing them. You are able, through the use of a digital camera, to see the final image immediately after it is shot. These images are then stored on an electronic storage device mmediately that actually require much less care than negative film. The ability to have a finished image in such short time cuts down on the cost and time of developing each individual image. [ (Maercado) ] Though the cost of a film camera is cheaper in comparison to its digital neighbor, the cost is vastly outweighed by the necessary funds needed to develop film. Access to a darkroom, and chemicals necessary in development of film, make this a hefty downside to its use. This is especially true when dealing with the fact that every image must be developed first before its final product is seen. This can penetrate quite deeply monetarily. A darkroom, and the constant replenishment of chemicals, can cost upwards of hundreds of dollars. This does not include starting costs of building the darkroom. Film negatives can also degrade over time if they are not properly stored, making long-term access to film images erratic. [ (10Ap) ] Digital photography is not without its own drawbacks. Given the ever expanding and continuous progression of the digital market, a camera can become obsolete almost immediately after purchase. This is not even mentioning that the cost of a digital camera with the same quality found in a film camera can cost almost double. This initial cost may also include the necessary software needed to editing and development of images. Most of the software needed is complicated and can be only purchased at a hefty sum. Staying ahead of market trends, and technology as a whole, depends upon an ever increasing need to be technologically savvy. Though you not only have to be knowledgeable in photography, you must also have an increased knowledge of computers, and technological advancement. The software, as with the cameras themselves, advances at rapid speed. This means that one must be constantly learning, and re-evaluating their education. (King and Timacheff) ] The pro’s and con’s of the two different aspects of photography seem to be pretty evenly weighed. The ultimate decision between the two mediums is really left up to the artists themselves. It seems to be a matter of taste over substance. Each have costs attributing to negative outcomes, but have positive results either way. Resolution, image quality, and upkeep can be circumvented with either digital or film. What sets a photographer apart from their peers is the artistic eye, and the ability to find and capture beauty with whatever is at hand. References http://www.dlcphotography.net/Digital vs Film.htm http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-some-benefits-of-using-film-cameras.htm http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-advantages-to-film-cameras-over-digital-camera.html

Long Term And Short Term Goals General Studies Essay

Long Term And Short Term Goals General Studies Essay Long term goals could be described as a desired end effect for example; becoming a computer engineer is a long term goal for someone not in a related field. A good example of a short term goal would be that a person needs to fulfill an academic process giving that person the tools to obtain that career. Long term goals could be described as destinations and short term goals could be described as the route taken to lead someone to their destination. Values control a persons life rules therefore dictating their options for long term goals. Values are very important to goal setting because it is a part of what drives a person to decide on what their long term goals are and what they will do to achieve those goals as well as act as a motivator to drive them to complete their goals. Creating short term goals are like plotting a route on a map. Once you have determined a persons long term goals it is important to set waypoints to guide that person to their destination. This is how setting short term goals should be approached. There are similar systems for planning in the military called backwards planning. It is helpful to work backwards from your long term goals. For example; to get a job at a software firm a person must have a degree in a field needed by the software firm. To get a degree one must go to school and pass all the required classes to obtain the degree. In order to pass the classes that person must sign up for those classes. From this point the short term goals start to appear more like daily tasks, this is because short term goals can vary from daily to weekly to monthly. Some tactics used to achieving these goals are to define in detail goals that a person wants to achieve both short and long term this includes creating a time table for that person to check their progress and to see where they stand. It is also important to have partners that can help keep one another accountable for reaching their goals. Personally, this is a good tactic because people can help each other to strategize and brainstorm to create better detail for their goals. Finally it is important to anticipate problems; this is done by reviewing goals and developments that may impact progress. If a problem can be anticipated it a person has more time to react and adjust or prepare for a possible hitch in their plan. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 10 Total Points 50 50 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 50 Comments: Feedback: Excellent Robert You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Shelinda No Name on Checkpoint Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? The difference between short-and long term goals is that a short term goal is something youre planning on doing within the next month and long term goal is what youre planning on having in the next year or so. Im going to school now and and in two years ill have my degree after that I will be working and saving my money up and in two more years I will have my own beauty shop. I am already doing my short time goal because I gave myself by December to be in college and im actually in college, I also plan on maintaining my dreams by never giving up and keep my mind focus on my future. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 5 Short term goals should not exceed six months. You have at least one stretching out to 2011. Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 0 Not answered Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 0 Not answered List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 0 Not answered Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 0 No name on CP -3. Does not meet word count. Typo and word use errors Total Points 50 5 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 5 Comments: Feedback: Hi Shelinda Your short term goals are not specific to your long term goal. Your short term goals reach too far into the future. Please look over the reading material and my handouts regarding goals. Cindy Ewing The difference between short- and long-term goals, are that long- term goals are set to be reached in six months or more. A long term goal may be a goal that would take two years. Short-term goals are like taking small steps to get to the end of my long term goal. It is like a baby, one must learn to crawl before one can walk, Taking baby steps before one can run. My goal will be easier to achieve if I take small steps, or set short-term goals. My personal value is achieving my associate degree. I value this because, it is just for me. It is something that I wanted to do for a long time. I value what my degree will mean to me and where it will take me within the next three years. Along the way I will learn other valuable education tools to reach my goal. To prioritize my goal, I need to focus on my long-term goal; I need to know what value I have placed on that goal. The value I have placed on my goal is that I will be able to change my career, better myself, and achieve something that I have made excuses for why I could not do it. I need to prioritize my fulltime job, my responsibility of being a manager, my family, my schooling. All of these elements play apart in me achieving my goal. I need to list how much of the extra time I spend at work can I eliminate, I have an assistant, I need to shift some of my duties, my family is my support system, so there is understanding there that my school will take much of my free time. A friend of mine, they had a goal to buy a house within one year. They taped a picture of a house similar to what was wanted to the refrigerator. This serves as a reminder everyday why a night out, or a weekend get-away, or a shopping spree did not factor in at the time. That goal was reached for them in the time frame that was set. I can do the same with my goal. The career I want after earning my degree can be posted on my refrigerator. This will remind me why I should not do some of the things I have been use to doing. Skip the movies, or watching a television show, beside I can record it for later viewing. With my values in place, my priorities in order I am sure to succeed in meeting my goal. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 10 Total Points 50 50 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 50 Comments: Feedback: Excellent Cindy You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Dreama Lane The difference from short and long term goals is; short- term goals are stepping stones toward the reach of a long- term goal. As in saying that you will have to break down your plans to reach the full long- term goal; long-term goals are attaining goals over a long period of time. You have to establish determination to make the effort of consistently to reach the goal. A person can align their long- term goals to their personal values by choosing whats more important in their goals. The more your goals reflects your values, the successful your motivation and desire to meet them. Some strategies for prioritizing short- term goals are: you can break the goals down in to groups that represent the first important steps of the short- goals. It will show the steps the time frame. Prioritizing will help you evaluate and handle the goals in order. Figure out what goals are very important, weigh your oppositions. By completing the goals you have to be attentive and focus all your energy on them. you can consider the evaluation of your values, your personal dilemma, and time commitments. After you accomplish the goal you would like to reach, define your goal achievement strategy, what will it take for you to reach your goals. Establishing what you have to do to carry the goal out, if you have to put this goal as first priority keep in mind that you have to take one step at a time. You can set a time limit for when you want to achieve any goals. Keep track of your progress so you can know how much further you have to go to reach the objective time period. Strive to achieve to move forward no matter what, follow your guide for completion to stay on top, even if you have to mark it down with a check list. Dont put all your eggs in one basket, be prepared to have a back up plan, in case your plans dont fall in order. You will have to re-evaluate your priorities until you can find what works best for you. Its best to anticipate for minor glitches, follow your steps map out the plan to help you reach the goals. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 8 Minor errors, proofread your work. Total Points 50 48 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 48 Comments: Feedback: Excellent Dreama You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Harris Williams Topic: Goal Setting A long-term goal is goals that can be achieved in a six-month or longer period. A short-term goal is a goal that is expected to be achieved within 6 months or less. In my opinion, the difference in long and short-term goals is the amount of time that it takes to achieve the goal. For example, if a person is thinking about going back to school to get his or her masters degree, and presently the person only has an associates degree. In this scenario, the persons short-term goal would probably be the steps it would take to enroll at their school of choice. The long-term goal would be to earn the masters degree. For a person who is seeking to set a long-term goal, it would be a good idea to plan how you plan to achieve your goal. By it being a long-term goal, planning will be very important, because you need to realistically know that your goal can be reached and how you will fit it into your daily schedule. Some ways to prioritize your short term goals would be to make sure everything else that is of value to you is fitted into your schedule. It is very important to balance out school, work, and family time. Often times when people set goals, we really intend on achieving them, especially in the beginning, when the goal is set. Some of the goals we set whether long or short are reachable, but there is a valuable step in setting goals that we often do not do, it is called planning. To plan a goal, it would be helpful to write them down, make a few copies of your goals, post your goals in places where you will notice them, always have a realistic goal that is possible to reach. If your goal is impossible to reach, you could be wasting valuable time that could be put into a possible goal. For example, a realistic short-term goal could be to wake up every morning and do ten push-ups before I go to work, this can be achieved. An unrealistic short-term goal would be to get my masters within the next 2 years without an associates degree. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 10 Total Points 50 50 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 50 Comments: Feedback: Superb Harris You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Stefanie Wright The differences in short term goals and long term goals are; long term goals you plan to attain over a period of six months or longer. Short term goals are smaller steps you take to get to your long term goal. A person would align their long term goals to their personal values by establishing what their long term goals are, and applying their personal values to them. For example my long term goal is to further my education and working full-time and being a mom. I have to keep my work ethic in mind as well as my family values in order to manage all three. Some strategies for prioritizing short term goals would be to evaluate everything you want to achieve pick out what goals are most important and focus on those goals. Some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals as listed in Keys to College Studying. Define your goal achievement strategy, map out steps and focus on events that are under your control. Set a timetable, make a time line that is realistic that shows specific de adlines. Monitor your progress, compare your planned time line and steps to actually where youre at see if you need to adjust some things. Be accountable and Responsible, make yourself accountable by reporting to yourself or others to keep on track. Anticipate problem

The Concept of the Eco-city

The Concept of the Eco-city The next new wave in city planning is Eco-City in response to global climate changes crisis. It is a relatively new concept, combining together ideas from several disciplines such as urban design, urban planning, transportation, health, housing, energy, economic development, natural habitats, public participation, and social justice (Register 1994). In simple word, Eco-city is settlement where it allows the citizen to live and work using minimum resources. As cities continue to grow and population increase rapidly, the needs for sustainable form of development become increasing urgent. The search for appropriate solution and to create more sustainable cities has become the main concerns of designer, policy makers and environmental groups. The locations, types of buildings and infrastructure have direct impacts on its environment, economy and society. As city continue to grow and alters over a periods of time, it is difficult to change after inhabitation and construction. So, designers are trying to avoid that problems and prefer a new, master planned eco-cities. They argue that new eco-cities can fully integrate sustainable concepts of urban planning principle to create sustainable living environment as we go along with retrofitting existing cities. The master plan eco-city will be built using all the latest green technologies. But there people who oppose eco-city concept and called it a utopian city. But is eco-city really feasible or is it utopian concept? To fully understand, origin of eco-city concept will be analysed. Eco-city originated in 1975 when Richard register and few friends founded Urban Ecology in Berkeley, California, as Non-profit organisation to make built our cities in balance with nature. According to Register (1994), the purpose of urban ecology was to build in Berkeley a slow street which is to have many trees along road, solar green houses, energy ordinance, establish good and efficient public transport, promoting pedestrainization as alternative to automobile, holding regular conference meeting with different stake holder. But it was until the publications of Registers visionary new book called Eco-city Berkeley in 1987, that the urban ecology gained momentum (Roseland, 2001). And the organisations new journal called The Urban Ecologist. The organisation held First International Eco-City Conference, in Berkeley in 1990 and ever since it held conference every year inviting people from around the world to discuss urban problems and to submit proposal for designing our cities based on ecological principles. In 1992, David Engwicht, an Australian community activist, published Towards an Eco-City, in which he talks about how city planners and engineers have virtually eliminated effective human interaction by buildings more roads, shopping malls, gutting communities and increasing dense traffic. For Engwicht, a city is a place for inventions of maximizing exchanging and having minimized travel distance. The book was later reissued in North America as Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns (1993). Engwicht talks about how city planners and engineers have eliminated effective human exchange by building more roads, taking commerce out of the cities into strip malls, gutting communities, and increasing traffic fatalities. A city is an invention for maximizing exchange and minimizing travel (Engwicht, 1993). He advocates eco-city where there is transaction of all sorts of goods, money, ideas, emotions, genetic material, etc and where people move freely via foot, bicycles, and mass transit and interact freely without fear of traffic and pollutions. But it was until the 1960s, the use of fossil fuels, chemically controlled agriculture, deforestation and depletion of marine resources was thought to be not in dangers. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), released a summary report called our Common Future which cause widespread concerns on world deepening environmental degradation(WCED 1987). And this pushed sustainable development on the forefront. Various industries and sector are also going for sustainable development. The issue of sustainable planning is also a concern for planner, urban designer, construction industries, development authority and the population at large. Register, Engwicht and Urban Ecology certainly deserve credit for popularizing the term eco-city in the last decade, but the eco-city concept is strongly influenced by other movements as well(Roseland, 2001). The mission of Urban Ecology is to create ecological cities based on the following 10 principles (Urban Ecology 1996): Revise land-use priorities to create compact, diverse, green, safe, pleasant, and vital mixed-use communities near transit nodes and other transportation facilities. Revise transportation priorities to favour foot, bicycle, cart, and transit over autos, and to emphasize access by proximity. Restore damaged urban environments, especially creeks, shore lines, ridgelines, and wetlands. Create decent, affordable, safe, convenient, and racially and economically mixed housing. Nurture social justice and create improved opportunities for women, people of color, and the disabled. Support local agriculture, urban greening projects, and community gardening. Promote recycling, innovative appropriate technology, and resource conservation while reducing pollution and hazardous wastes. Work with businesses to support ecologically sound economic activity while discouraging pollution, waste, and the use and production of hazardous materials. Promote voluntary simplicity and discourage excessive consumption of material goods. Increase awareness of the local environment and bioregion through activist and educational projects that increase public awareness of ecological sustainability issues. The practical application of these principles has not been really encouraging for many years until literature that promotes the ideas began to appear. It appears in different terminology as per the orientations of the authors. The Authors include Designers, Practitioners, Visionaries and Activists, and the terminology includes everything from neotraditional town planning, pedestrian pockets, reurbanization, post-industrial suburbs, sustainable cities, green cities and eco-communities. Although, the authors orientation has discernible differences in analysis, emphasis, and strategy between the variations as shown in table-1, the eco-city theme can encompass any and all of them. The term eco-city can be applied to existing eco-city or master plan eco-city as affirm by Registers when he explains that there are two ways to go about building eco-cities: changing existing towns or building new ones (Register 1987 ). Citizen organizations and municipal officials in cities and towns around the world have recently started experimenting on this eco-city concept to meet the social and environmental challenges (Roseland 1997, 1998). There is a urgent realization that Urban planning is a significant management tool for dealing with the sustainable urbanization challenges facing 21st century cities. Many cities has applied eco-city planning concept although most of them in small scale. Chattanooga and the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S., Ottawa, Hamilton-Wentworth, and Greater Toronto in Canada, and Curitiba in Brazil are some of the earliest cities where this concept has been successfully applied. Curitiba, a small Brazilian city, is one of the most sustainable cities in the world. It has received international recognition for its integrated transportation and land-use planning, and for its waste management programs. The citys success is due to strong leadership-city officials who focused on simple, flexible, and affordable solutions. Throughout the project, the government conducted regular meeting with citizen so that citizen are involved in the process (Rabinovitch 1996). Emboldened by the success of the above projects, Designer and local government are planning for massive overhaul of traditional way of city planning. They are looking at a way to plan new cities incorporating the entire above concept. China, one of the world most populous countries in the world, faced massive environmental problem. It has emerged as major industrial power but at a great cost. The environment degradation is so severe that it is a cause for concern in china and could have international repercussions. Since pollution know no boundaries. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides produce by Chinas coal-fired power plants fall as acid rain on Seoul, South Korea, and Tokyo. Suspended particulate over Los Angeles city originates in China, according to the Journal of Geophysical Research (Kahn and Yardley 2007). The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired Arup in 2005, to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy (solar panels, wind turbines and bio-fuels), self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in comparision to Shanghai. The eco-city of Dongtan, which is be located on the island of Chongming, not far from Shanghai will be one of the world largest eco-city to provide housing for 500,000 people from rural areas. The Dongtan city will cover about 8,800 hectares which is roughly equal to the size of Manhattan Island. Dongtan will have ecological footprint of 2.2 ha per person by means of a combination of behaviour change and energy efficiency which is very close to limit of sustainability of 1.9 ha set forth by World Wide Fund for Nature. China is also partnering with Singapore to build eco-city in Tianjin based on three harmonies principles which are people-people, people-environment and people-economy(Quek 2008) . The 30-square-kilometer site is a wasted land and water scarcity area which will be built over a period of 15 years at a cost of around 50 billion yuan (S$10 billion). The criteria for selection of site are that it should be wasted land and water scarce area. First, restoring the jiyun river will be top priority for propose new city of 350,000. Renewable energy like solar and wind power, rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment and desalination of sea water are some of the proposal. United Arab Emirates has planned to build the worlds most sustainable city, called Masdar City, initiatives of Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company. It is an ambitious project which will cost $22 billion to build a new, zero-emissions city for 50,000 residents in Abu Dhabi. The project is launched in 2007 and is designed by British firm Foster + Partners. The propose new city will have new university, the Headquarters for Abu Dhabis Future Energy Company, special economic zones and an Innovation Center. According to the designer, Masdar eco-city is to be constructed in an energy efficient way that depends on large photovoltaic power plant to meet energy needs, which shall be for 2nd phase of the city expansion. The city is a car free, with a maximum walking distance of 200m to the nearest transport link and amenities. The streets are compact to encourage walking and are complemented by a personalised rapid transport system. Due to it compactness, the walkway and streets are shaded creatin g a pedestrian-friendly environment. The city will have wind, photovoltaic farms, research fields and plantations, so that it is entirely self-sustaining. Masdar City will be built in seven phases, the first of which is the Masdar Institute, which is set to be completed in 2010. The citys phases will be progressively built over the next decade with the first phase reaching completion in 2013(Foster and Partner). The idea of a city without any waste, landfill, car, self contained or without any carbon emission seem very desirable for a city but for some sceptic it a utopian dream which will never materialise. Sceptics are questioning whether totally designing a new city is possible incorporating all the eco-city concepts due to time and cost involved. The main weakness for master plan eco-city is the large inputs of energy required to construct an entire, functional city as a long continuous project. They are concern that it might just be a strategy used to shield from environmental criticism while countries like China and UAE continue to grow along the same unsustainable path. However, countries like China and UAE are in a position to fund such kind of projects and if it is successful it will create a precedent for other parts of the world as well. Unfortunately, Dongtan eco-city never materialise. Although, the highest echelon in Chinese official expresses has shown keen interest in the project, the first phase of construction which is to be ready for Shanghai expo 2010 has not even started. The Dongtan eco-city in spite of being a government endeavour has failed to materialise. The Mayor of Shanghai has been sentence to 18 years jail term on corruption charges and abuse of power in 2008(Larson 2009). Sceptics of eco-city are saying that policy makers in China misuse the term of eco-city, to reduce criticism of chinas poor environment records without having any real commitment to the idea. As for Masdar eco-city, work has already started for phase 1. However, sceptics are concern that it might be just an isolated green in the desert where the rest of UAE proceed in the same line of big ecological footprint which is even bigger than United State. They are also apprehensive about the embodied energy used in buildings and infrastructure which are very high. The heavy dependent on technology for personal rapid transport and infrastructure is another issue. Since the technology for personal rapid transport is not fully developed and co-ordinating infrastructure with different agencies is difficult. The concept of building a city from a scratch or retrofitting existing building or redeveloping existing city are some of the burning issues. Designing a new city from scratch permits a greater comprehensive, whole systems approach, and more degrees of freedom than adaptation of an existing city( Fox 2008). On the other hand, the resources and energy needed for new construction of a city will be far greater than redeveloping an existing city. However, the beliefs and movement toward eco-cities has spread worldwide and has taken strong hold among planner. In spite of setback for some project, eco-city has will be main driving force for today cities and tomorrow cities. Eco-cities can be built on existing eco-cities or new master plan eco-city. Most propose master plan eco-city is to be developed in several stages in the next fifteen to forty years. Some of the relevant issue for Eco-city planning concept for developing new city or adapting for existing cities are as follow: Eco-city is based on holistic approach. This integrated approach is hindered by fragmented administrative structures, political rivalries and a disregard for citizen expertise. As in Dongtan case, the surrounding inhabitants are not even consulted and not aware of the projects. Eco-city concept is not really encouraged by policy makers and planner as there are suspicious of the intention as it involve alternative ways of decision-making (e.g. community involvement), the implementation of new technologies (e.g. like Personal rapid transit for Masdar or energy generation ) and new organisational solutions (e.g. multiple use). The additional costs involved and loss of influence are some of their main concerns. Eco-city concept may fail due to lack of political will and commitments on the part of everyone involved. The Initial investments are very high compared to traditional approach to planning which can scarce potential investor. Nevertheless, for successful implementation of eco-city, commitment from individual or Party involved is paramount. Vision, ambition and thinking big in long term are some of the necessary requirement. Besides, there has to be free flow of information and trust between the policy maker and non-policy maker. There has to be creation of win-win situation for everyone to make it successful. There has to be compromise in difference of opinion and unity of alliance. A series of challenges exist for developing cities in many part of the world, particularly in developing countries where rapid economic development will put pressure on cities to accommodate rising population and more infrastructures. It is the place where next megacities are coming up. The designer, public policy maker are committed to developing eco-cities and other types of sustainable communities in the face of climate change, environmental pollution, water shortage, and energy demand. Today utopias vision can become tomorrow reality. Many of the sustainable city emphasize on compact land use, clean transport, waste management, renewable energy( wind turbines and solar energy). Most of eco-city plans are huge and need long term investments. But should we turn away from utopian visions they provoke? Planning completely new cities is expensive, and it is not possible to build all new cities. However, we can strive to improve existing cities when there is an abundance of already established cities and urban areas. In my opinion, I think we should embrace them and work towards searching for improving them. Perhaps, the scales of new master eco-city project need to be smaller so as to have short construction time and less costly. Someday the impressive catchphrases, such as carbon-neutral, zero-waste, and car-free for a city might be reality. References Daly,H. 1973. Toward a Steady-State Economy, Freeman, San Francisco (1973). McDonnell,M.J., Hahs, A.K., Breuste, J.H. 2009, Ecology of a cities and towns: A comparative approach. Cambridge University Press 2009. Rabinovitch, J. 1996. Integrated transportation and land use planning channel Curitibas growth. In World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Program, United Nations Development Program, The World Bank, World Resources 1996-97: The Urban Environment. New York: Oxford University Press. Roseland, M., 2001, The eco-city approach to sustainable development in urban areas. In: Devuyst D, Hens L, De Lannoy W (eds). How green is the city? Sustainability assessment and the management of urban environments. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 85-104. Register, R. 1987. Eco-City Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. Register, R. 1994. Eco-cities: Rebuilding civilization, restoring nature. In D. Aberley, ed., Futures By Design: The Practice of Ecological Planning. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers. Roseland, M. 1995. Sustainable communities: An examination of the literature. In Sustainable Communities Resource Package. Toronto: Ontario Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Roseland, M. 1997. Dimensions of the eco-city. CITIES: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning 14,4: 197-202. Roseland, M., ed. 1997. Eco-City Dimensions: Healthy Communities, Healthy Planet. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. Roseland, M. 1998. Toward Sustainable Communities, Resources Roseland, M., Sustainable Community Development: Integrating Environmental, Economic, and Social Objectives, Progress in Planning, Volume 54 (2), October 2000, pp. 73-132. Roseland,M., Dimension of the eco-city, Cities, Volume 14, Issue 4, August 1997, Pages 197-202 Resilience Alliance (2007) A research prospectus for urban resilience. A resilience alliance initiative for transitioning urban systems towards sustainable futures. Available at http://www. resalliance.org/files/1172764197_urbanresilienceresearchprospe ctusv7feb07.pdf accessed on 29 March 2010 Kenworthy, J.R., The eco-city: ten key transport and planning dimensions for sustainable city development, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 18, No. 1, 67-85 (2006) World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future. , Oxford University Press, New York (1987). Dongtan, An Eco-City, edited by Zhao Yan, Herbert Girardet, et was published by Arup and SIIC in February 2006. UN HABITAT, Planning Sustainable Cities: Policy directions. Global Report on Human Settlements 2009. Abridged edition. Gutenberg Press, Malta. Available from http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2009. Accessed on 2 march 2010 Kahn, J and Yardley, J. As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes. The New York Times. August 26, 2007. Available on http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html Accessed on 27 march 2010 Dongtan: The worlds first large-scale eco-city? Available on http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/dongtan-the-world-s-first-large-scale-eco-city Quek, Tracy, Spore, China break ground , straits times, China Correspondent. Sep 29, 2008. http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/World/Story/STIStory_283867.html. Accessed on 27 march 2010 Larson, Christina. Chinas Grand Plans for Eco-Cities Now Lie Abandoned. Yale e360. 06 Apr 2009. Available on http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2138. Accessed on 28 march 2010 Fox, Jesse. Ecocities of Tomorrow: Can Foster + Partners Masdar City in the U.A.E. be Truly sustainable?. Treehugger. March 4, 2008. Available on http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/03/masdar-roundtable.php. Accessed on 29 march 2010 Richard Register Author, theorist, philosopher and 35 year veteran of the ecocity movement. Founder of Ecocity Builders and Urban Ecology, and author of Ecocities: Rebuilding Cities in Balance with Nature.

Acute Morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes Essay -- Medical Disease Ba

Acute Morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes Abstract: Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram positive coccus bacterium that is extremely common bacteria. This bacterium is part of group A streptococci, which meant that it has a certain type of polysaccharide antigen on its cell surface. It is commonly known as pharyngitis, or strep throat and produces over twenty exotoxins. Even though this bacterium has been around for thousands of years it still has a susceptibility to penicillin and there have only been a few cases of resistance. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram positive bacteria that is associated with multiple types of diseases. Streptos means a chain of links and coccus means a round object. Together this describes the shape of Streptococcus pyogenes, a round chain of ten or more cocci, each measuring 0.5 to 0.75 ÃŽ ¼m in diameter. This bacterium can cause scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis and erysipelas in humans. It is identified mainly by its ability to create ÃŽ ²-haemolysis in blood agar plates. Streptococci can be separated into groups by a polysaccharide antigen that is deep inside the cell wall. The groups are labeled by the letters ranging from A to R, each group represents a different type of organism that it mostly infects. Group A is mainly pathogenic to humans, while group B is found in cattle. Groups C to R infect animals of lesser complexity. Streptococcus pyogenes is part of group A, which means that the polysaccharide antigen is composed of rhamnose and N-acetylglucosamine and its main host is in humans. The morphology of S. pyogenes is a chain of cocci that are normally in groups of ten and each cocci range in diameter from 0.5 to 0.75 ÃŽ ¼m. They are nonmotile, which means that they 2 have no form of moveme... ...agar plates. S. pyogenes produces many extracellular products, they are called streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins and are classified into three serotypes, A-C. SPE B is the most unique of the three and is responsible for multiple diseases, including toxic shock syndrome. This bacteria does have a weak point, almost all streptococci are susceptible to penicillin. 7 Works Cited Christie, A. B. (1987). Infectious Diseases (Vol. 2, 4th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone. Evans, A. S. (1991). Bacterial Infections of Humans (Vol. 1, 2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Medical Book Company. Kaplan, E. L. (2000). Streptococcal Infections (Vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press. Todar, K. (2002). Streptococcus pyogenes (Vol. 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bact. Retrieved July 30, 2008, from http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/streptococcus.html

A Comparison of Two Advertisements :: Adverts, Compare and Contrast

A Comparison of Two Advertisements I am going to compare the two advertisements l have been given, one is 'Save the children' and one is 'Barnardo's'. The points I am going to discuss are logo and contact information, slogan use of emotive language, use of repetition, pictures, use of 'you', message, appeal and target audience. The logo in the 'Save the Children' leaflet is the upper half of a body reaching upwards. It is encircled by a thick line with a gap before it reaches the body. The contact information is not clearly seen, it is in small print, in white writing, against a grey background below one of the logos and slogans. It is in a clear font style and states all of the necessary information. It includes the 'Registered Charity Number'. The logo is usually blood red on either a grey, white or black background. It is placed a lot throughout the leaflet but on the last page it is placed next to the contact information in a clear place so that the contact information follows the solution having a bigger impact on YOU making a donation. The logo on the 'Barnardo's' advertisement only appears once. It is three people holding hands; they are positioned so that they look like they are running. Two of them are bigger than the middle one, which looks as if it is running and being lifted by the adults. It looks as if the one having fun and as it they are free. It is in a light colour, most probably white (I have a black & white copy) and the background is black. The contact information is clearly stated in an 'easy read' font size and it is strategically placed at the bottom of the page so you see it last and it becomes the last thing on your mind so you remember it. The contact information is clearly stated in an 'easy read' font size and it is also placed at the bottom of the page. The sentence 'Make a donation' is placed just before the phone number.

Ameritrade Case

Rickets believes hat the investment carries a lot of risk that requiring a more in-depth financial justification as opposed to Marinade's existing financial policy. Through initial discussions with Mr.. Rickets, we have agreed upon a financial analysis, adopting the CAMP model, to calculate the cost of capital of the investment. Mr.. Rickets & his management team will then make a sound financial decision basing on our analysis results. According to our agreed plans, Mr.. Rickets has specifically requested us to perform the following three tasks and provide our recommendation accordingly. . Briefly discuss the asset beta and CAMP model, and explain the steps for computing the asset beta and CAMP to produce the cost of capital for the Investment project. II. Mr.. Rickets is aware that Marinated does not have a beta estimate due to short trading history, and demands us to hand pick comparable firms that will be valuable In assessing the risk of Marinade's planned Investment. Ill. Using the supplied financial data to calculate the asset betas for the comparable firms. L. Definition of Asset beta.Beta represents a measure of the volatility, or systematic risk, of a security or a oratorio in comparison to the market as a whole. It is also known as â€Å"beta coefficient†. And Is calculated using regression analysis. It represents the tendency of a security's returns to respond to swings in the market. Beta can be calculated by dividing the covariance between the return on the asset and the return on the market and the variance of the market This relationship is represented by the following formula: Levered versus unleavened Beta.Unleavened Beta compares the risk of an unleavened company to the risk of the market. The unleavened beta Is the beta of a company without any debt. Enlivening a beta removes the financial effects from leverage. The formula to calculate a company's unleavened beta is: This number provides a measure of how much systematic risk a firm's equity has when compared to the market. Enlivening the beta removes any beneficial effects gained by adding debt to the firm's capital structure.Comparing companies' unleavened betas gives an Investor a better Idea of how much risk they will be taking on when purchasing a firms' stock. Levered Beta, on the contrary, represents market risk of the investment taking into consideration market risk of the debt. Definition of CAMP (Capital Asset Pricing Model) CAMP is a model that describes the relationship between risk and expected return and that is used in the pricing of risky securities. The cost of equity is approximated Premium). Definition of the cost of capital.The cost of funds used for financing a business. Cost of capital depends on the mode of financing used – it refers to the cost of equity if the business is financed solely through equity, or to the cost of debt if it is financed solely through debt. Many companies use a combination of debt and equity to finance their businesses, and for such companies, their overall cost of capital is derived from a weighted average of all capital sources, widely known as the weighted average cost of capital (WAC).Since the cost of capital represents a hurdle rate that a company must overcome before it can generate value, it is extensively used in the capital budgeting process to determine whether the company should proceed with a project. Steps in calculating Beta for Marinated: With the above explanation, the cost of capital for Marinated is, calculated by the CAMP model, will be using the three major steps: 1. Determine the Ref (risk-free rate) hat best reflects the market 2. Determine the Asset Beta for Marinated 3. Determine RMI (market-return rate).We will decide on the Ref and RMI with the supplied return data (Historical and current). On the other hand, we will diligently pick the best comparable firms, and then calculate the covariance between the past returns on the comparable firms and the return on market portfolio. Lastly, we produce a beta estimate by dividing the covariance (previously calculated) by the variance of the market. Market stock returns for indices such as NYSE, AMES and Nasdaq, which present the weighed average of all US publicly traded firms, are available in Exhibit 6 of the case.The returns are presented for the time period of 1984 to 1997. Returns on comparable firms in the Investment Services industry are also presented in the same exhibit. It is important to point out that the firms presented are full-service brokerage firms and are less sensitive to market movements than Marinated due to the fact that deep-discount brokers such as Marinated do not engage in asset management and investment banking services like full-service brokers do. Marinade's revenue stream is fully dependent on its brokerage operations.Given the above, we suggest to calculate covariance between each one of the four investment services firms presented and the market as a whole represe nted by the indices provided. Next step is to divide each of the results from step one by the market variance calculated based on the indices presented in Exhibit 6. In essence, we have calculated Betas for each of the four comparable firms. Then we would calculate an average of the four betas to use as an estimated Beta for Marinated. However, as motioned above, Marinated has a more volatile business model than full service investment firms.Therefore, we need to increase the resulting Beta by some estimated factor in order to be able to represent corresponding market risk more accurately. II. In determining the appropriate comparable for Marinated, we ran into a challenge of finding a direct comparison in both operating risk and capital structure risk. In this analysis, we are making the assumption that Marinated will need to take on some debt in order to fund the additional investments in to technology and marketing squired.We decided to look at three types of companies for as pot ential comps for Brothers, Merrill Lynch, etc. ) 2) Discount Brokerage Firms (e. G. Charles Schwab, E*Trade, Quick & Reilly Group, etc. ) 3) Internet Companies (e. G. Macromedia, Netscape, Yahoo) Operationally the full service brokers don't share the same level of risk as Marinated. Marinade's business is very sensitive to the performance of the stock market since almost all of their revenue is generated through brokerage. During a market decline, investors tend to decrease investing activities, thus Marinade's venue suffers.The full service brokers have less sensitivity to the overall market because the also offer other services, such as asset management and investment banking. The higher operating risk associated with discount brokerage firms, including Marinated, would lead to higher betas in comparison to the full service brokers. In comparing the capital structure of the other discount brokerage firms, Marinated will have more risk (requiring a high Beta) since they will be car rying debt (other than Charles Schwab (. 25) Debt-to-Capital, none of the other discount brokerages carry debt).We do feel that Marinade's competitive advantage over the other discount brokerage firms comes through technology (more specifically reliable internet based transactions), so using other internet based companies as comps makes sense. But, like the other discount brokerage firms, the other internet comps carry no debt, so the financial risk is going to be lower in comparison to Marinated. In order to determine the best comps, we decided to take a mull-faceted approach. For one, we determine the statistical significance (analysis is later on in this report) of each of the betas to eliminate some of the comps.Through that analysis, we determined that E*Trade, Macromedia, and Netscape did not have enough history to be statistically significant. To further narrow the list, we also determined that Charles Schwab Corp. and Waterholes Investor Services were the most comparable fir ms since they both are discount brokerage firms with a very significant percentage of revenue and coming from brokerage (99% for Charles Schwab and 82% for Waterholes) and they also both have debt (currently Waterholes has no debt but has historically) in their capital structure. As far as full service brokers, we feltRaymond James Financial and Paine Webber were good comps. Both firms had a large percentage of revenue coming from brokerage (51% for Raymond James and 46% for Paine Webber) and both firms carry some debt (especially Paine Webber) in their capital structure. We also decided to throw in Yahoo as a comps since Marinated is largely an internet based company. In the end, we determine an average of Charles Schwab Corp., Waterholes Investor Services, and Yahoo made the best beta estimate. Ill. An important component of analyzing Marinade's cost of capital is to use the betas of comparable firms.

Fresh Food and Canned Food Essay

Eating is most important activity in our life. Some people eat 2 times, 4 times, or some people in poor countries eat only 1 time a day. We live in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we are responsible for what we eat. We decide what we are about to eat and how it will affect our bodies. The three main differences between fresh food and canned food are flavor, health benefits, and cost. The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor. Fresh food have great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. Canned food however, lack a lot of its flavor characteristics because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods. Fresh food will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed just because of the time in which they have been prepared. Comparing both types of foods there is another difference. There is a health factor that affects both of them. Canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients and vitamins when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could also become toxic if consumed too often. Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned food are much more expensive than fresh foods. The benefit of buying tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket instead of the market like the fresh foods. When you look at the picture of the canned food it is so beautiful and it makes you buy it, but when you open it later you will see that they do not match and the taste is not good. Canned food requires less work than fresh food, even sometimes no work at all. If you decide to make food instead buying it ready you would have to spend at least 2 or 3 hours, but you will get delicious food that everyone will enjoy it. Fresh foods are always good for your health, but if you do not have enough time it is fine to get canned food. Eating canned food is not recommended, because it can make you sick and you might get diseases from that.

Maersk Doha Communcation Report

1 – Shannon and Weaver’s Communications model seems to be a perfect fit for the Maersk Doha’s problems on board as there were several instances when language caused miscommunications between crew members and messages where delivered incorrectly. This highlights that not all messages received are identical to the message that was sent or to put it in simpler terms it can almost be described as a game of Chinese whispers. First off we are told that when the emergency occurred and the chief engineer was not informed quickly enough. This could be down to the incompetence of the engineers or more likely that there was a lack of communication commodities available to them. We were also told that the chief engineer was in a difficult position when it came to communication as he spoke a different language from the rest of the crew. This then created a hindrance upon the crew who were tasked with trying to understand and relay what the chief engineer was saying and along with the background noise, this proved to be difficult and thus caused confusion. 2- A big problem was the communication barrier between the engineering and deck departments. If a structured communications procedure had been in place, the damage could and probably would have been limited to a minimum. Problems arose as the engine crew didn’t report to the chief engineer and the chief didn’t report to the captain. Obviously if the senior staff are not made aware of the problems then they can’t be solved in a proper manor. It’s of utmost importance that the correct procedure where carried out when dealing with safety issues. On this occasion a threat occurred due to an inexperienced crew, reluctant to communicate with their superiors. All departments should have been working towards a joint goal instead there seemed to be departmental friction and the link of horizontal communication was inadequate. Having an inexperienced first and second engineer helped lead to not only mechanical problems occurring but also further problems in communication. The shipping company had decided all crew had a satisfactory level of English but this was not the case and the language barrier acted as a catalyst to the reason the fire was not dealt with properly. 4 – It is clear that there were problems in all directional flows. The downward communication was ineffective. The chief engineer should have asserted his authority and created a line of communication between his staff. Although the language barrier sometimes prevented proper flow in information there should have been procedures in place in case of emergency to insure the crew could contact him with any problems. The upward communication was also found inadequate as the crew should have been responsible enough to notify the chief engineer that there was a fire in the economiser and that perhaps due to their naivety and lack of experience they did not want to alert the chief and been seen as incompetent. The engineers where not familiar with the machinery and should have contacted the chief as early as possible. On the other hand the chief is also guilty of miscommunication when it came to the deck department. It is imperative that both departments work together and help as much as possible and it’s also necessary to regularly keep up to date with each other’s departments. This is the reason companies create procedures and flow charts that must be adhered by whilst on board. If the system was flawed then the chief should have designed a new communication procedure in order to keep communication flowing between all involved 4 – Its clear to say that the communication environment is heavily affected by the presence of so much background noise. There were problems with both the technical and social aspects of noise. Semantic barriers also lead to a negative influence on the environment. The information required regarding the economiser was available to the crew but due to this being from the ships previous owner and it not being endorsed by ZMA, there was confusion regarding what documents and procedures were to be followed. If ZMA had constructed their own policy, adding any information they did not carry over from the previous owner, this might have helped avoid the ensuing problems.

Coffee Shops and Mobile Apps

Researcher Role The researcher role in this qualitative study was to oversee the data collection process and analysis of the study. The data collection and analysis process consists of gathering and measuring themes of interest in a fashion that answer questions and evaluate outcomes. Participants The population of this study was employees and customers of coffee shops.The participants for this convenience sampled, interview study consisted of employees and customers of local coffee shops located in the Saint Paul, MN. Participants were contacted in person and asked to participate in the study. Overall 15 customers and employees were solicited. Participants were told a brief overview of the purpose of the study and presented a consent form. The consent form contained information relating to the purpose of the study and information ensuring the participant that their identity and confidentiality would not be compromised.Data Collection Technique Before collecting data, the researcher completed the required ethical training by reviewing and understanding the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Informed Consent A walk up approach method was used to solicit prospective participants for this study. It was stressed that participation was voluntary and confidential. A letter in Appendix A was prepared for interested parties. If prospective participants did not show an interest in the interview, they could Just decline to participate and no further involvement was needed.Instruments The two data collection instruments, one for employees and one for customers, were composed six structured open-ended questions in Appendix B. The questions were designed to capture participant feelings about mobile app technology and its adaptability to coffee shops. Data Collection Data was collected through an in person structured open-ended interview. The researchers were able to interview the participant during the end of the work day by walking up to the prospective participant and asking if they had a couple of minutes to answer a couple of questions.The researcher would then ask the participant six questions and record the participant response. The interview would end with the researcher thanking the participant for their time. Data Analysis Data Analysis Technique The raw data was separated into the two instruments and analyzed by group first. Through the first pass of each questionnaire, the researcher highlighted and noted interesting thoughts from each of the individuals and then determined which comments stuck out more frequently and noticed comments that were unique but very valid points, both for and against the mobile app idea.By doing this, the researcher was able to develop themes and then make an assessment as to if the customer or employee saw potential with the app and if there was going to be a level of demand high enough to support the amount of investment and increase in resources within the coffe e shops. Data Analysis – Customers The researcher was able to get 8 customers varying in age and gender to take the 10 to 15 minutes with me to answer the 6 question questionnaire. As expected, the researcher got many similar answers to the questions however; the researcher did collect some very interesting comments that were unique.It was found that of all the customers have heard of this mobile app technology and of those, 75% said that they would use the technology if it were available. The main theme for participants who said yes was because they thought it would be a great way to save time and avoid re typically compulsive and would not want to use a telephone to order in their vehicle. The customers who answered yes agreed that they would use it for all of the items on the menu, especially the food items because those tend to take a little longer.When asked about potential complications all said they could see things going wrong particularly regarding the quality and te mperature of the pre-ordered items. A few were concerned about the actual mobile app technology staying current and functional. Another idea was to add a feature to the app to act as a reward punch card. Data Analysis – Employees The employees, on the other hand, had a bit of a different view on the functionality of having a mobile app ordering process.All seven of the employees interviewed shared the knowledge of the technology, but only 14% thought that it would work and the others thought that it only could work or it would be rather challenging to implement successfully. The employees shared the same concerns as the customer about quality and temperature however, this was more of their focus because they have certain standards they have to meet based on their business model. It was also made apparent that the majority of coffee shops business model involves face-to-face contact for suggestive selling and for customers to come in and stay a while.Many of the employees thou ght that there would have to be a dedicated member working in a distinctly different area of the store with more resources, for example more screens, a new POS system, more counter space and more employees. Some of the thoughts were that mobile app users and regular order in customers should not be forced to be in the same line. This could cause client satisfaction to be decreased. That being said the employees did have many positive things to say about the mobile app.Many thought that there would be more organization behind the counter and it could increase sales and revenue and it could reach a completely new realm of clients. Some thought that this would work great for locations with a drive thru window. Many said that this would be a great opportunity for larger orders for example when people need coffee for more than 5 people at once. The larger coffee canteens take a while to make and get ready for customer pickup especially during busy times. Lastly, to go with that it was sa id by many that they could see this working much better if there were a limited menu for the app.Limitations/Delimitation's Limitations in this exploratory research were that when trying to interview employees, there were a couple of times we were rushed or interrupted because of customers. In addition, we were limited to only the population that was in the coffee shop at that time therefore not allowing for a large demographic diversity. Population and Sampling The target population of this study consisted of customers of a coffee shop in the United States. The expected size of the sample was over 25 participants where we didn't know anything about if they even drank coffee or visited coffee shops.Also we had no idea if they were handy with mobile APS. Data Collection E-mail or a message board requests via Backbone and Linked were used for this study. This method made sure that participants knew this was voluntary and confidential. A letter on the first page of the survey was prepa red for interested parties to learn more about the study. If potential participants did not want to partake in the survey, they could disregard the request and no further contribution as needed. Instrument The data collection instrument (Appendix C) was composed mostly of quantitative closed-ended questions.

Costing and Economics of Textile Production Essay

Costing and Economics of Textile Production - Essay Example A company will invest in country in which support infrastructure is available; a company will invest in a country with good transport network, good energy and electricity services and good communication network, a country with poor infrastructure will not be appropriate to invest in as it will not enable smooth running of the company. Poor infrastructure will not enable the company to transport its goods on time and this may also cause an increase in the cost of production of its goods and therefore it will be less likely for the multinational company to invest. Some countries have abundant resources and factors of production, example raw materials used for production or even abundant skilled and cheap labour, when such advantages exist then there is a high likelihood for a multinational company to invest, a good example of this is why many multinational companies invest in third world countries, because there is abundant and cheap factors of production. However multinational companies will be less likely to invest in countries where such advantages do not exist.