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Wednesday, January 22, 2020
The Cabin/ unreliable narrator :: essays research papers
The Cabin                                        Kevin Jones Unreliable narrator                                    2nd per Do I know where the bathroom is? What do you mean, do I know where the bathroom is? I’ve been in the Delta View Mental Institute for five years now and you are still asking me if I know where the bathroom is. I know this place like the back of my hand. I’m not crazy, how many times do I have to tell you people? These other people in here, those are the crazy whacks. The only reason they put me in here is because they didn’t know what else to do with me. What’s that? You want to hear my story? Well that’s just too bad, you already think I’m crazy. Well ok since you asked nicely. It was October 16, 1993, my senior year at Lemoore High. I had three really good friends Ginger Tubs, Mike Bellowing, and Mary Johnson. We were always getting into trouble together. My family owned this cabin up in the mountains and we decided to go up and spend the weekend there. We were so anxious to get up there that we ditched school on Friday and drove up that morning. We arrived in Pine Flat Village at noon and I realized that I had forgot my key so we just broke into the cabin through the window; the lock was rusted and broke easily. Once inside we unpacked all of our things and started a fire in the fireplace. Ginger started complaining that the living room was getting too smoky. Ginger is constantly complaining. She is the type of person who wants everything to be perfect, sometimes you just want to grab her by the throat and squeeze until her lips turn blue and the color flees from her face. I told Ginger to go to the other room and lie down, I didn’t know that the pilot had gone out and the house was filling with gas, honest. The rest of us decided to go for a ride and check out the scenic views of the mountains. We were about two miles from the cabin when we heard the deafening explosion. Mary, Mike, and I all turned around and saw the thick black smoke swelling from the clearing where the cabin was. I slammed my foot onto the accelerator and zoomed back to what used to be the cabin, now it was a black shack ablaze with a deep crimson inferno. The Cabin/ unreliable narrator :: essays research papers The Cabin                                        Kevin Jones Unreliable narrator                                    2nd per Do I know where the bathroom is? What do you mean, do I know where the bathroom is? I’ve been in the Delta View Mental Institute for five years now and you are still asking me if I know where the bathroom is. I know this place like the back of my hand. I’m not crazy, how many times do I have to tell you people? These other people in here, those are the crazy whacks. The only reason they put me in here is because they didn’t know what else to do with me. What’s that? You want to hear my story? Well that’s just too bad, you already think I’m crazy. Well ok since you asked nicely. It was October 16, 1993, my senior year at Lemoore High. I had three really good friends Ginger Tubs, Mike Bellowing, and Mary Johnson. We were always getting into trouble together. My family owned this cabin up in the mountains and we decided to go up and spend the weekend there. We were so anxious to get up there that we ditched school on Friday and drove up that morning. We arrived in Pine Flat Village at noon and I realized that I had forgot my key so we just broke into the cabin through the window; the lock was rusted and broke easily. Once inside we unpacked all of our things and started a fire in the fireplace. Ginger started complaining that the living room was getting too smoky. Ginger is constantly complaining. She is the type of person who wants everything to be perfect, sometimes you just want to grab her by the throat and squeeze until her lips turn blue and the color flees from her face. I told Ginger to go to the other room and lie down, I didn’t know that the pilot had gone out and the house was filling with gas, honest. The rest of us decided to go for a ride and check out the scenic views of the mountains. We were about two miles from the cabin when we heard the deafening explosion. Mary, Mike, and I all turned around and saw the thick black smoke swelling from the clearing where the cabin was. I slammed my foot onto the accelerator and zoomed back to what used to be the cabin, now it was a black shack ablaze with a deep crimson inferno.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Zappo??s Case Study
Before starting the analysis It should be taken In consideration that Zappers business is done thru e-commerce and it managed to introduce itself at the early sass's when society had trust issues with making business online, which is the platform that Capos used to create trust and enhance it's value proposition. 1. Acquisition Capos strategy for calculations Is to aim to prospect customers by: Word of Mouth – The best policy for quelled a client trust Is thru a good referral, this fact is exponentiation when applied to e-commerce Excellence in Customer Service –Achieved by an easy contact either thru the website and most importantly thru the call center, whose goal is not only help the client to complete their transaction and resolve any problem they may encounter, but to go beyond and create a connection with every customer. Actions speak louder than words. This is true for the WHOM policy on Capo's which have made them famous since the company started, Capo's underst ood in their early stages that the influence of â€Å"external effects†such as advertising or direct marketing, where not good enough tools to convince society to engage with the new rend of e-commerce.One of the mall problems with e-commerce Is trust (Specially In sass's), Capos managed to break the trust barrier by making themselves available 24/7 and by implementing one of the most flexible return policies in the market. This two elements take away the risk of buying online, since the client has the chance to give back the product if they don't like it or it doesn't fits, because of these, the buying experience Is just as if you go buy the same product on a store. Once the risk has been stable, capos creates value by providing an easier shopping experience here customer can go thru an online catalogue and buy from home.Retention By excellence in customer service, clients are constantly in a delight stage bringing high satisfaction levels since they receive way more than w hat they would expect from any other company and even from capos Itself! Client service and returned policies have created several switching cost, which enable them to retain their clients and also very important they created strong imitation barriers against competitors Evaluation cost – once the customer has tried and trust Capo's service, buying the risk, which makes it simpler Just to stay with capos.Benefit loss cost – This is not a â€Å"premium customer†benefit, but the generous return policy is given to every capos client, and it represents a big switching cost that might be stronger than strong price reductions, since the money being saved on buying the product, might not be worth nothing if they can't trust that the product will be delivered in time, with the quality expected, with a return policy, etc..Relational Switching Cost – The call center staff is instructed to create personal bonds with customers, even if it means to talk about non-pur chasing themes for hours, everything so that clients have a personal relationship with the brand (not only one staff member, but all of them) Development All these combined had created both attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, which translates into positive whom and continued repurchase habits. No matter the cost, the repurchase habits on clients must be kept specially if we take in mind that capos might constantly increase their product assortment.Having this in mind, even when the cost of the returned policy and the call center seem high, the company is investing in the Customer Lifetime Value, as said in the article, once a customer gets acquainted with the shopping experience thru Capos their repurchase levels increase as Capos keeps growing their catalogue it's assuring future purchases of their loyal customers. As seniority in clients grows so does their social value, which completes a cycle for new clients acquisitions by making WHOM a major drive for consumption in this indus try, thus making the investment on loyalty measures completely worthwhile. . Returned Merchandise Policy Capos brand has been built from gained trust from clients, this is what makes it exceptional, since it has created customer experience of delight that comes not only from exceptional operational process but from the service provided, making client's needs a first priority. As previously explained, the returned merchandise policy is a main component in the customer life cycle, not only is present in all stages, but its relevant for throughout acquisition, retention and development.As if it wasn't enough, this policy is crucial to the product value proposition and its a main differentiation factor from all competitors, since there's no other company that's so flexible on the returned researched. Customer equity, might be affected â€Å"negatively' by high acquisitions/retention costs, but rather than an expense, this should be counted as an investment (as Capos attract more custom ers induced by a social network effect.If Capos decided to cut down on returned policy, it would create a â€Å"dissatisfied effect†since as we had learned, the problem with delighting customers is that from now on this special treatment is now an expectation that if its not fulfill would bring to disappointment. Secondly, e-commerce is filled with competitors, big and small, you can find any kind f product assortment on the web and most importantly most of this companies try to attract their clients thru advertisement (mainly on web) and low prices.If Capos applied the same strategy, it might destroyed value, since it won't be able to differentiate from the rest of competitors that rely on publicity instead of being a one of a kind company that you will discover thru a very good referral. The proposition of cutting down on returned merchandise to invest on advertisement should be completely rejected, rather than advertise, it would be a better idea for the many to invest on social network management Just to make sure they are present and to empower their spokespersons to amplify the social network effect.The merchandise returned policy might have room for improvement for profitability purposes, we haven't been provided with the numbers, but for instance the time lapse of a one year could be cut down without having a big negative effect on clients, allowing the company to recognize profits accounting wise at an early stage. 3. Client Service by Ranking As discussed before, the call center is the key for profitability, since its the element hat creates a personal bond and the element of trust.If Capos decides to apply a distinctive service to their clients, they will no longer be providing an exceptional customer service, at least not to all of them. The commerce industry is still in the initial phase, they are new customers buying products for the first time, they are the late adopters and they might need an incentive to take this step. The call center is exactly what this potential customers need, they are interested enough to try to contact the company, they need to check that everything is legitimate and a good client service will assure them that they can trust Zapped.The call center is even more important for new clients, by applying a priority service based on seniority, Capos might lose a big share of their potential customers, since they will provide a disappointing first impression and some of them will defect even before they become customers. If the company is forced to cost reduction, they must do everything in their power to keep providing the excellence in customer service, because this is what the brand transmits to both new and current clients. By changing this factor, the brand will lose reduce its operational cost on logistics, their inventory, anything else before affecting client service. Zappos Case Study Before starting the analysis It should be taken In consideration that Zappers business is done thru e-commerce and it managed to introduce itself at the early sass's when society had trust issues with making business online, which is the platform that Capos used to create trust and enhance it's value proposition. 1. Acquisition Capos strategy for calculations Is to aim to prospect customers by: Word of Mouth – The best policy for quelled a client trust Is thru a good referral, this fact is exponentiation when applied to e-commerce Excellence in Customer Service –Achieved by an easy contact either thru the website and most importantly thru the call center, whose goal is not only help the client to complete their transaction and resolve any problem they may encounter, but to go beyond and create a connection with every customer. Actions speak louder than words. This is true for the WHOM policy on Capo's which have made them famous since the company started, Capo's underst ood in their early stages that the influence of â€Å"external effects†such as advertising or direct marketing, where not good enough tools to convince society to engage with the new rend of e-commerce.One of the mall problems with e-commerce Is trust (Specially In sass's), Capos managed to break the trust barrier by making themselves available 24/7 and by implementing one of the most flexible return policies in the market. This two elements take away the risk of buying online, since the client has the chance to give back the product if they don't like it or it doesn't fits, because of these, the buying experience Is just as if you go buy the same product on a store. Once the risk has been stable, capos creates value by providing an easier shopping experience here customer can go thru an online catalogue and buy from home.Retention By excellence in customer service, clients are constantly in a delight stage bringing high satisfaction levels since they receive way more than w hat they would expect from any other company and even from capos Itself! Client service and returned policies have created several switching cost, which enable them to retain their clients and also very important they created strong imitation barriers against competitors Evaluation cost – once the customer has tried and trust Capo's service, buying the risk, which makes it simpler Just to stay with capos.Benefit loss cost – This is not a â€Å"premium customer†benefit, but the generous return policy is given to every capos client, and it represents a big switching cost that might be stronger than strong price reductions, since the money being saved on buying the product, might not be worth nothing if they can't trust that the product will be delivered in time, with the quality expected, with a return policy, etc..Relational Switching Cost – The call center staff is instructed to create personal bonds with customers, even if it means to talk about non-pur chasing themes for hours, everything so that clients have a personal relationship with the brand (not only one staff member, but all of them) Development All these combined had created both attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, which translates into positive whom and continued repurchase habits. No matter the cost, the repurchase habits on clients must be kept specially if we take in mind that capos might constantly increase their product assortment.Having this in mind, even when the cost of the returned policy and the call center seem high, the company is investing in the Customer Lifetime Value, as said in the article, once a customer gets acquainted with the shopping experience thru Capos their repurchase levels increase as Capos keeps growing their catalogue it's assuring future purchases of their loyal customers. As seniority in clients grows so does their social value, which completes a cycle for new clients acquisitions by making WHOM a major drive for consumption in this indus try, thus making the investment on loyalty measures completely worthwhile. . Returned Merchandise Policy Capos brand has been built from gained trust from clients, this is what makes it exceptional, since it has created customer experience of delight that comes not only from exceptional operational process but from the service provided, making client's needs a first priority. As previously explained, the returned merchandise policy is a main component in the customer life cycle, not only is present in all stages, but its relevant for throughout acquisition, retention and development.As if it wasn't enough, this policy is crucial to the product value proposition and its a main differentiation factor from all competitors, since there's no other company that's so flexible on the returned researched. Customer equity, might be affected â€Å"negatively' by high acquisitions/retention costs, but rather than an expense, this should be counted as an investment (as Capos attract more custom ers induced by a social network effect.If Capos decided to cut down on returned policy, it would create a â€Å"dissatisfied effect†since as we had learned, the problem with delighting customers is that from now on this special treatment is now an expectation that if its not fulfill would bring to disappointment. Secondly, e-commerce is filled with competitors, big and small, you can find any kind f product assortment on the web and most importantly most of this companies try to attract their clients thru advertisement (mainly on web) and low prices.If Capos applied the same strategy, it might destroyed value, since it won't be able to differentiate from the rest of competitors that rely on publicity instead of being a one of a kind company that you will discover thru a very good referral. The proposition of cutting down on returned merchandise to invest on advertisement should be completely rejected, rather than advertise, it would be a better idea for the many to invest on social network management Just to make sure they are present and to empower their spokespersons to amplify the social network effect.The merchandise returned policy might have room for improvement for profitability purposes, we haven't been provided with the numbers, but for instance the time lapse of a one year could be cut down without having a big negative effect on clients, allowing the company to recognize profits accounting wise at an early stage. 3. Client Service by Ranking As discussed before, the call center is the key for profitability, since its the element hat creates a personal bond and the element of trust.If Capos decides to apply a distinctive service to their clients, they will no longer be providing an exceptional customer service, at least not to all of them. The commerce industry is still in the initial phase, they are new customers buying products for the first time, they are the late adopters and they might need an incentive to take this step. The call center is exactly what this potential customers need, they are interested enough to try to contact the company, they need to check that everything is legitimate and a good client service will assure them that they can trust Zapped.The call center is even more important for new clients, by applying a priority service based on seniority, Capos might lose a big share of their potential customers, since they will provide a disappointing first impression and some of them will defect even before they become customers. If the company is forced to cost reduction, they must do everything in their power to keep providing the excellence in customer service, because this is what the brand transmits to both new and current clients. By changing this factor, the brand will lose reduce its operational cost on logistics, their inventory, anything else before affecting client service.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Studying The Pollution In The Banking System Finance Essay - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3178 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The $100 billion question shows that a several big issues, which are being debate all over the time after a great depression. The pollution in the banking system resulted a lot of serious social cost and the governments are trying to tackling them by different ways. In fact, there is too hard to find perfect solution for this issue. The cost of the banking pollution is the systemic risk, which is often ignoring by the banks and financial institutions. The systemic risk is being ignored because of the natural humanity of the people. People always more concern about the private benefit and the private cost of themselves. The bankers are not the exception. They only see the benefit and the risk inside their banks, and never concern about the systemic risk because if they do so, they will think about what is the benefit for them. Therefore, the governments have to act as the role to sort it out. The banking crisis is the retribution to the banks for generated the bank ing pollution through those products and financial services. But unfortunately, problem had become the social cost and encumbered the innocent public. Nowadays, there are still have some of the people believe that market is always get it right because people usually rely on price and market sort everything out most of the time. They believe that the market is self-correcting, self-policing, and self-regulating. The invisible hand, is means by the self-regulating nature of the marketplace and it is the metaphor coined by the economist, Adam Smith. But, in fact, according to several of the real life market crisis, it seems like it doesnt always get it right. The market is not self-correcting, and we can see this point through the events of banks are not lending money to other banks the other consumers because they scare to take risk after the subprime crisis. The market doesnt get it right when there are externalities, which create the social cost that generated by the impact of an individuals action to the innocent public. Sometimes, in the normal market system, something is affected but is not accounted on and consequently generated the social cost. Therefore, market cannot predict explicitly when disaster will happen in the market. By the reason of the market didnt realise the systemic risk, so they were keep doing that in a wrong way because they dont know it will going to harm the whole system. Therefore, the collective of the systemic risk create the banking bubble and the creator of the precedent might be the mortgage backed securities and the over lending bank. It was a triple A rating security and people feel safe to hold it and enjoyed the return that its paid whereas, the bankers over lending the loan in order to get more profit as they could, but they neglected to set aside of sufficient capital to reserve for the risk management. Hence, people got shock when subprime crisis exploded and most of them unable to survive in the climate change. The go vernment regulatory should be balanced with the free market. The regulator should increase the capital requirement in the bank to overcome the lack of trust existing between the banks in order to achieve a greater balance government regulatory actions and the free market. Furthermore, the government should let the market sort it out by itself. Normally, people prefer the market sort it out by organizing the price system, but if we dont know what the price should be. If there is a small amount of extra pollution, then just dont produce any more than that. The social cost that generated by the banking by the banking pollutant should be mitigated. The government is the one, who responsible to consider the public benefit. Moreover, it plays a vital role in the regulation of banking system and securities that ensure the markets keep moving on. Therefore, government should step in to mitigate the problems that created by the banking system because it is the critical factor that to over come the crisis with the market. There is too much pollution in the market and those pollution is immeasurable. Nowadays, the demand of the people is too much, so the bank took more risk to create more products to fulfil the customer demands and consequently make the banking system become more complicated. So, the intervention of government can stop them to avoid the increase in the systemic risk. But the Basel II, seem to be unuseful, because it set the level for the capital requirement is too low. Due to the lesser capital that set aside in the banks, the bank unable to cover the loss during crisis, because they are totally run out of fund. So, the government bailed out the bank to avoid the whole system break down, because if one of the banks is fail, the others will fail too. There is an interdependent relationship between the banks. If the bank fails, it will cumbrance the other bank too. Now, the Basel III has just came out, it is improved the regulations with the higher capit al requirement, stronger risk management strategic, and so on. The risk in the market is measurable whereas the uncertainty is cannot be measured. The example of the risk in the market is credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, and so on. Instead, the uncertainty is bigger, it may be has more serious effect to the market than the risk. For instance, the climate change for the market is uncertainty, because nobody knows when it going to happen and it always result in an enormous cost to the public. The systemic risk is the highly complexity and uncertainty, and it drove most of the crisis. Therefore, governments are struggling to depress the systemic risk in order to reduce the likelihood of the crisis by stopping the banks from taking the risky investment. One important dimension of the debate concerns the social costs of systemic risk. Determining the scale of these social costs provides a measure of the task ahead. It helps calibrate the intervention necessary to tack le systemic risk, whether through regulation or restrictions. (Haldane, 2010:2) Thats means the social cost of systemic risk is very important and the scale of it needs to be measured out because it can helps in the intervention process as a criterion to tackle systemic risk, whether through regulation or restrictions. Normally, it is evaluating by either the fiscal or the foregone output costs of crisis and the past crisis cost is usually larger and permanent. Research by Haldane (2010) concluded that, the losses of the US is less than 1%of the US GDP and for UK, the direct cost may be less than  £20 billion, or a bit more than 1% of GDP. The 1% of GDP is seem to be a tiny part of the GDP, but for the taxpayers, who are paying tax to bail out the banking system, is seem to be an astronomical number because 1% of the UK GDP is almost  £20 billion. They may never get this amount in their life. For US, the losses are currently estimated to be around $100 billion, and that means th e taxpayers had to pay for $100 billion out. The US population is about 300 million, and then each of them has to pay about 333 US Dollar. Actually, the losses of GDP could be lost it forever because of the time value of money. After a few years, the losses of UK GDP divide by discount rate, it might be few hundred billion pound losses. For example, assumes that the GDP after 10 years can be 120% of the current GDP, if the GDP didnt loss, the actual GDP after 10 years will be 130%. So, they are actually lost 10% of GDP. The collapsed of bank led to the collapsed of the GDP because the banks role is to lend money to keep all the things moving on, if the bank collapse, means the lending resources collapse too and consequently the GDP collapse. Subsidy that government paid to banks is the financial assistance to the banks and that is the way how government to secure the banking system stability. How the losses of the banks could reach the amount of $100 billion? That is because the implied government subsidy to the banks didnt counted into the cost of the bail out. For instance, if the government guarantee or protect everybody that lending money to the banks, then the investors will feel safe and that is not risky than they thought. Therefore, they think maybe they shouldnt charge 5% interest to the bank, and go to 4.5% because if the banks fail, the government will pay to them. The indirect subsidy import by government has reduced the cost of borrowing and consequently the banks make more profit because they are borrowing at a lower rate and lending at a higher rate and those profit actually is based on the subsidies. Hence, the actual subsidy should including the indirect subsiding in the evaluation of the fiscal cost. In essence, subsidies have many unintended consequences which can be damaging to the markets environment and social equality. Sometimes, too much of the subsidies are paid, they might create the imbalance in the free market and lead to the mar ket unable to correct by itself. Consequently, the banks are being too relied on the subsidies from government and they are taking more risk for the higher return, because they know that government will cope with the problem when they are trapping in the hot water. Banks shouldnt be over winked and shielded, and the government should set a limit to the subsidies according to the banks size. The credit rating agencies are the proxies to evaluate the rating of the banks that use to refer by the government to decide the amount of subsidies need to inject. In additions, they also provide the support and independent of credit rating to the bank. Nonetheless, the public had doubt about the ability of credit rating agencies after the subprime crisis in US. Investors trusted credit rating agencies to issue accurate and impartial credit ratings, but that trust was broken in the recent financial crisis, according to Levin (2007 cited in Dayen, 2010:online) That is because the mortgage back ed loan that the credit rating agencies rated it as a triple A security was default. The credit rating agencies rated the mortgage backed loan based on the past data and neglected the higher underlying risk of it. The government should intervene in the credit rating to ensure the independent, accuracy of the rating and no frauds exist in the rating process. Research by Haldane (2010) concluded that, the bigger size of bank, the more subsidies are needed and over the past century, the subsidies that supported to bank just like an up-only escalator. The bigger banks have to dealing with the more complicated market that related to the moral hazard, economic specialization, and monetary theory. The complicated banking system consist a lot of underlying risk that the banks cant cope with and they dont even know those existing risk. Hence, the bigger bank, the bigger risks they take. The UK government choose to tax them in order to repair the damage that the banks created during crisis . I dont think merely raising the fees or capital on large institutions or taxing them is enough theyll absorb that, theyll work with that, and its totally inefficient and theyll still be using the savings., according to Greenspan(2009 cited in Wikipedia, 2010:online) Thats mean, levy tax on the banks is not an effective way to the problem because even though their profit is lesser, but they still can taking a higher risk to earn it back by investing more, or they can still using the savings from depositor. It is seems to be insensible, because the banks allowed to invest in the risky investment and if any failure appear, the government will support them through subsidies. In essence, government should cut down the size of the bank, which is considered too big to fail. The issue of Should government tax or prohibit the banks? is being debate hotly in the world. Taxation solution is to ensure the banks making a fair contribution for social cost that they made, which pose the pote ntial risks to the financial system and the economy. Moreover, it can create higher buffer of capital and the liquid asset to ensure the banks able to recover the losses by themselves. If government tax at the price to the bank, then they wont make risky decisions. Nonetheless, as a tradeoff for the holding higher capital and liquidity asset, the banks will reduce their profit and maybe put up the cost of the people, who is trying to borrow money from banks. Whereas, the prohibit solution is the restriction on the banks activities as well as the size of them and the structural reform of banking may take place. Furthermore, the activities of the banks will be separated in order to stop them from doing the activities that may cause the systemic risk. The complex system consist a lot of error and underlying risk. The system is interconnected, it is not about the individual unit, because the individuals mistake wont affect the bank much, but if one of the systems failed, it will affect the overall banking system. The separation of activities is to prevent all the things ruin once. Assumes that the banking system is a forest and the tree in the forest was plant separately, if the fire burn up the forest, it will not burn off the whole forest because of the fire breaks. The fail of the system can be affect by the outside attack or inside attack. For example of the inside attack is the remuneration system in the bank that create a lot of the individual errors. The prohibition can aid the system resilience because the separation of department can simplify the system, and they can fit together, the most important thing is, if one of them destroy, it cant affect the others. Maybe the government can separate all the section in a bank and eat section is manage by different company. Some of them can manage securities transaction, some of them of them can receive the deposits and lend it out and simplify some of the activities to create a robustness financial system. One of the prohibitions benefits is diversify the risks and having diversity. The bank always does diversification and all of the banks diversify the risk exactly the same way because everything in the financial system actually is same. Hence, they do a lot of diversification but they are not diversity. Glass-Steagall Act is a restriction approach that established in year 1933 after the US stock market crisis and repealed in year 1999 because it created the barriers between the commercial bank and the investment bank, and the banks had a lower competitive situation than the foreign banks. The Glass-Steagall Act was over setting the restriction, and caused many people complaint about it. According to the Weitzmans theory, the economy just like environment and he described that the climate change as a disaster of the economy. The climate change in the economy is unpredictable. The factors that create the climate change are also indiscernible. The impact of it would be enormous and wider, the public usually get shocked from it. The pollution that created by the banking system generated the systemic risk and consequently formed the bubble, and the bubble is uncertain because people dont know when it going to explode. Social cost will be increase aftermath of the climate change. Some of the people dont even care about the social cost, they just concern about their benefit, and that is one of the reasons created climate change. Bankers only see the risk in their bank, whereas the government see the whole banking system risk systemic risk, which is the main factor that led to the great depression. The government should check the level of the pollution and the possibility of the climate change in order to lower down the pollution before it is too late. If we dont know how serious of the pollution and unsure about that, then a small change may make the economy flip over. The banking developments are being grown faster in order to fulfil the demands of the people. One of the developments should be the more capital and liquidity asset are required to hold than they otherwise would to reduce the leverage ratio of banks and avoid them to over taking the risk. The lesser fund that the bank can be used, the lesser ability that they can invest, and consequently lower the risks. Even though the banks profit will reduce the profit of the bank, but the government not only see the banks benefit, in fact, government see the bigger risk, which is system risk. Besides that, the banks have got bigger and many activities are combined and hence, the economies of scale can be achieved. The investment banks combined most of the activities and make a profit from it. That is because the investment bank dealing with the pension fund and the insurance companies even though they do not receive deposits but they still can get a lot of large amount of fund from those institutions. They are the part of shadow banking system and they are not regulated. The investment banks use those funds selling and buying the securities to make profit and create a market to selling or buying the securities too. So, they have to borrow some money too to organize the market place and they do act like a bank because they are borrow in short-term and lend out in long-term. Hence, they are also created the systemic risk and since they are not regulated and did not have capital requirements, therefore, they are under increasing scrutiny and regulations after the subprime meltdown in 2008. Securitization is one of the banking developments. It is process of an issuer use a financial instrument to repackage the financial asset and sell it to the investors. Banks lend out a loan, might sell as a bond to an investment bank get the cash back and lend the money to other different type company to diversify the risks. In addition, the bond is rated before it issue out. Nowadays, the financial system is complex and difficult to regulate it and a lot of the events show that it i s still fragile. Everyone has been learned from the past crisis, and they are still struggling to reduce the likelihood of the crisis. Moreover, most of them havent recovered back from the crisis impact. The revolution should be taken and tried to jump out from the hot water because remain unchanged is just like it block the escape way by yourself. The reformation can help the banks able to survive when the climate change or to prevent the climate change. Nevertheless, the perfect way to sort it out is still need a longer time to figure it out. Furthermore, the $100billion question is still puzzled us. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Studying The Pollution In The Banking System Finance Essay" essay for you Create order
Saturday, December 28, 2019
Essay on The Waiting Room- Creative Writing - 653 Words
The waiting room was still and quiet except for the hypnotic tick of the old plastic clock hanging on the wall. A smell evoking images of latex gloves and mouthwash hung in the air, as the dentist worked behind the closed door. The little boy across the room fidgeted uncontrollably while his mother chose to ignore it. Her face was drawn and pale. Her hands were placed on top of her lap and she wrung them continuously. She wore baggy red patterned trousers, a multi-coloured striped jumper and on her head was a faded red bandana, firmly sealed over a mass of scruffy brown curls. The child’s brown hair stuck out in all directions. His coat was dated, his tracksuit bottoms gathered around his ankles, and†¦show more content†¦Slowly, the gossip calmed and again the only noise in the waiting room was the hypnotic tick of the clock. Minutes passed by and it wasn’t long before the scruffy lady and her little boy stepped out of the dentist’s room and made their w ay to the secretary’s desk. The secretary looked up. â€Å"Can I help you?†she enquired. The lady didn’t answer but gazed out of the window behind the desk; her big brown eyes were shallow and empty. Her little boy began to tug on her jumper, â€Å"Mummy†¦the lady†¦Mummy!†The mother soon snapped out of her daze and scanned the secretary’s face. â€Å"Oh I’m sorry, I got lost in my thoughts then.†She apologised. They arranged appointment for the little boy in a week’s time, and quickly made their way towards the door. As they stepped outside, they were hit by a cool blast of wind. Leaves swirled around them and there was a slight chill in the air. The trees swayed gently in the breeze and their golden leaves glistened in the sun. The mother took the little boys hand and made their way to the town’s park. The park was scattered with children playing in the playground, and mothers sat on the surrounding benches gossiping. Their clothes were tidy and smart; most of the children and their mothers resembled an advertisement for â€Å"Gap†or â€Å"Next†. TheShow MoreRelatedLiteracy Throughout A Large Majority Of My Schooling Essay1190 Words  | 5 Pagesalways a right or wrong answer and in the end when everyone turned their papers in, they would all be similar. There was no creative aspect, structure and grammar was always important and in the end, all of the students would end up receiving an â€Å"A†. That is, until seventh grade. That was when I realized just how i mportant literacy is. I was taking a course entitled â€Å"Creative Writing†, and it opened up my mind to two ideas. The first, was that there were more ways to write a paper other than the fiveRead MoreBecause I Could Not Stop for Death and I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died Poems by Emily Dickinson804 Words  | 4 Pagesdeath, several questions come to mind about what happens in our afterlife, such as: where do you go and what do you see? Emily Dickinson is a poet who explores her curiosity of death and the afterlife through her creative writing ability. She displays different views on death by writing two contrasting poems: one of a softer side and another of a more ridged and scary side. When looking at dissimilar observations of death it can be seen how private and special it is; it is also understood that deathRead MoreEssay on How Does One Define a Good Teacher?795 Words  | 4 Pages Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinions in good men is but knowledge in the making. --John Milton The epigram above goes a long way in providing an answer to this oft-repeated question. Of course, we must make a distinction between Aristotle instructing passionate disciples on the definition of happiness and a humble foreign language teacher attempting to familiarize a horde ofRead MoreLoss of Freedom in Sedaris This Old House and Angelous Caged Bird1274 Words  | 6 PagesSedaris constructs his feelings through narrative writing, and Angelou explores her concerns through descriptive writing with the analogy of a bird, they still are exploring the similar topic of perceived loss. The loss of freedom, demonstrated by the demand to uphold a family image, versus the caged bird, remain very similar in both pieces due to perceived entrapment, disappointment and self-nonentity. Descriptive essays leave room for misinterpretation and confusion, where as a narrative essayRead MoreA Room Of One s Own By Alice Walker906 Words  | 4 PagesThroughout history, women have not been treated equally. During the twentieth centuary, two feminist authors, tried to comment on society. In the essay â€Å"In Search of a Room of One’s Own,†written by Virginia Woolf in 1929, she talks about the experiences of women s lives in her two lectures to women at Ca mbridge University. This was a time just after women in England had gotten the right to vote, but they were still a facing the gender bias. In the essay â€Å"In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens†writtenRead MoreFirst One Semester Of My College Year913 Words  | 4 Pagesjust happy about there will be no classes or homework for me for a while. I never enjoyed nor good at writing a few pages of paper. If there is any homework assignments are due on the same date, I would always do the assignments for other classes, then come back to the paper and start staring into the computer screen for hours rather than moving my fingers on keyboard and type. Honestly writing is not my favorite thing to do in this world, but I know I could do better when I try. GSW 1110 is theRead MoreSnow In August Essay1017 Words  | 5 PagesHirsch whispered they would be. After their long journey, they came to rest here. In this abandoned room. Waiting until they were needed. Waiting for meâ € (Hamill 324). Michael’s willingness to do anything he could in real life and in his brain for the Rabbi showed how he could use his creativity, generosity, and imagination for good as opposed to for evil. When Michael was thinking that they were â€Å"Waiting for me†, it shows how Michael was using his imagination for good to further bring out his positivityRead MoreCreative Title Essay1028 Words  | 5 Pages Creative Title It has been 2 years since Johnny and Dally died and a lot has happened. I have been doing pretty good, the theme that I wrote a few years ago actually got quite a bit of publicity because the teacher loved it so much. I was in the newspaper. Darry and I have actually convinced Soda to go back to school. Since Sodapop isn’t the most motivated person in the world, we signed him up for a tutor after school twice a week so he will actually do his homework. So far he’s actually beenRead More Death in Auden’s Funeral Blues, Forche’s Memory of Elena, and Dickinson’s Last Night that She lived1678 Words  | 7 Pagesthat it has on his life. It is interesting how people choose to accept this permanent and expected event, death. Similarly, Emily Dickinson has written many poems about death, such as â€Å"The last Night that She lived†(843), which describes a family waiting for a woman or girl to die and the dreary and depressed mood that exists within the household. Mourning is considered a perfectly healthy reaction when someone who is deeply loved and cared about passes on, and this is illustrated in â€Å"The MemoryRead MoreDescribe The Importance Of Childrens Personal Safety1222 Words  | 5 Pagesadults (staff, volunteers and visitors is recorded. ï‚ · Photographs of staff are displayed at the entrances to both the main and baby room. Number coded locks on the entrance to the baby room and the door into the baby room is locked from the inside at all times. ï‚ · At busy times a member of staff will great parents/carers at the main doors to the main and baby room when they arrive and depart. ï‚ · All visitors are asked for identification before being allowed into the setting and must sign in the
Friday, December 20, 2019
Hug Me by Meg Dia Song Analysis - 1249 Words
Joyce G. Almencion March 14, 2013 BA Literature â€Å"Hug Me†by Meg amp; Dia inspired by the novel â€Å"Brave New World†by Aldous Huxley American rock band Meg amp; Dia has always been inspired by literature in writing their songs. In 2005, they released an album called Something Real which contains twelve tracks that are all inspired by literary works like John Steinbeck’s â€Å"East of Eden†, â€Å"Rebecca†by Daphne du Maurier, and Vladimir Nabokov’s â€Å"Mary†. The song â€Å"Hug Me†however, did not make it to this album. It appeared on the next one called Here, here and here and it is the only song in that album that is inspired by a literary work†¦show more content†¦The line â€Å"Your eyes are dust, dirt porn magazines†represents the way how John believes Lenina thinks because all the World State citizen think about is having someone and have sexual intercourse with them. Another line, â€Å"You’re lazy, selfish but you were raised that way†, describes another characteristic of the World State citizens. They seemed very lazy and selfis h due to how simple their life is in the World State compared to John’s life back in the Reservation. In the novel, John is willing to sweep the floors for Lenina, but she responded, â€Å"We’ve got vacuum cleaners†, calling it Epsilon Semi-Moron work. John is trying to impress her by doing ‘nobly’ jobs but Lenina just do not understand the concept of working. The next line, â€Å"It’s a whore here that was bred†, refers to John’s view of Lenina when she starts taking her clothes off thinking that it is what John wants when he confessed his love to her. John, quoting Shakespeare, called her an â€Å"impudent strumpet†which means whore. He realizes that the World State’s view of love has bred Lenina into a whore. In the chorus, there is a line that goes: â€Å"It’s the very face I fell for in the human race.†It tells about the love that Lenina has for John. She is attracted to his physical beauty exactly like what she feels with people in the World State. The next line, â€Å"I was brainwashed to be honest in this brave new world†simply describes the citizens of
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Final Year Project Report free essay sample
My deepest appreciation also goes out to Mrs. Sharatul Izah Bt. Samsudin who gave me many needed support, encouragement and help throughout my project’s improvement in PSM I, and my friends who struggling with me exploring this scope. Not to forget, thanks to my family and fellow friends who encouraged me. Finally, thank you to all those involved directly and indirectly helping me out during my PSM I PSM II which I can’t state out every one of them. A special expression of gratitude is extended to everyone for their tolerance and patience in doing the project. I must admit that they had enriched me in many ways and words alone are not enough to express my gratitude. vii ABSTRACT The purpose of this project is to develop an automatic railway gate system that uses the microcontroller as a main function of design. The principle objective of this project was to design an automatic railway gate control by microcontroller. This project deals to develop a prototype of railway gate that function automatically by using microcontroller. Besides that, the interfacing program also had been developed for the integration part. The operation using microcontroller (PIC16F877A) that integrated with other circuits involved such as power supply, IR sensor, light and buzzer, gate motor and LCD display. All the circuits will be combining to demonstrate the operation of microcontroller (PIC16F877A). This system will make improvement towards the manually operation before this. Human supervision will be considered if there are problems occurred while this system was operated. viii ABSTRAK Tujuan projek ini adalah untuk membina sebuah sistem pengendalian pagar lintasan keretapi secara automatik yang menggunakan mikropengawal sebagai asas binaan di dalam rekaannya. Prinsip tujuan projek ini adalah untuk membina sistem pengendalian pagar lintasan kereta api secara automatik dengan menggunakan mikropengawal. Ia termasuk untuk membangunkan sebuah prototaip sistem pagar lintasan kereta api yang berfungsi secara automatic. Selain itu, sebuah program juga dibentuk bagi menggabungkan bahagian-bahagian tertentu di dalam sistem ini. Operasi mikropengawal (PIC16F877A) juga melibatkan litar-litar lain seperti litar bekalan kuasa, infrared, lampu dan buzzer, motor dan paparan LCD. Kesemua litar-litar ini digabungkan bagi menunjukkan bagaimana mikropengawal (PIC16F877A) beroperasi. Project Introduction In general, this project utilizes the importance of microcontroller as a main design. It used to provide improvement into manual system that exist nowadays. Microcontroller is a small unit of controller that acted following the instruction programmed. All the circuits included in this prototype were designed following the suitability of PIC16F877A. This automatic railway gate system was operated after signal received from the IR sensor. This signal used to trigger the PIC16F877A for operating the gate motor and alarm indicators by instruction programmed. Electronic applications used to enable this system operated in automatic mode. The computer usage must be fully utilized to building up a system that encourage implementing of the technology. 2 1. 2 Project Objectives The microcontroller (PIC16F877A) is use to demonstrate the integration of computer method in railway gate operation. The objectives of this project are: i. To develop a prototype of railway gate that function automatically by using microcontroller. ii. To develop an interfacing program for the integration part of microcontroller operation. iii. To design an automatic railway gate control by using microcontroller. Furthermore, this project is aimed to replace the gatekeepers with an automatic system. It is develop to apply the structure of interfacing program in between to give a lot of advantages. 1. 3 Problem Statement Nowadays, the railway gate is operating by manual operation. It is operating in the area that there are railway line junction with the road. The railway gate management has to employ workers to be on duty for control the operation. Due to this, the worker will manually open and close the gate with under supervision. This prototype will introduce the automatic railway gate operation. This system will make improvement towards the manually operation before this. Human supervision will be considered if there are problems occurred while this system was operated. This is an idea to perform computer integration with mechanical structure to simulate what the system can do. Control system with computer applications will make the management or consumer become more effective. Therefore, this is the best example in develop railway gate management system become more efficient. 3 1. 4 Scope of Works This project covered the operation of automatic railway gate control by using microcontroller (PIC16F877A). The circuits involved such as power supply, IR sensor, light and buzzer, gate motor and LCD display. All of these operations will be combining to demonstrate the operation of microcontroller (PIC16F877A). The operations of microcontroller works follow the instruction programmed. The combining circuits were constructed on Proteus software to seen whether that circuits was right or not. After that, the hardware part was constructed after all the simulation being done. IR sensor circuit is providing signal to triggered the PIC16F877A. The sensed signal wills active the gate motor and LCD display. Alarm and indication light circuit was provided as additional part of this system. Additional elements can be added without affecting the remaining elements. This allows the flexibility of the developed system. 4 1. 5 Methodology This project began with the research of the proposed title. The result of that research is then discussed with the supervisor. Once the title of project was approved, the background of study for this project was explored. PIC16F877A was chosen as a microcontroller. Then, the circuits’ simulation was performed. In the other hand, the instruction programmed also being built for the interfacing part. After all being settled, the construction of hardware part was started after the components were being chosen. In all the steps done there are troubleshooting part to resolve the problems facing. Between hardware part and instruction programmed built, there are integrated step that allows the PIC16F877A to simulate all the operations of the system. After all the part is complete to built, some analysis should being made to show what the solution of the problems occurred. It involving the comparison between the research that had been done before this. 5 1. 6 Report Structure Chapter 1 introduced the project as a whole. The early and basic explanations were mentioned in this chapter. This chapter consisted of the project introduction and objectives, problem statements, scope of work, and the simplified methodology. Chapter 2 is literature review. Past projects system were taken into consideration when completing this chapter. The ways those projects and researches had been done were compared with what this project. These comparisons were done to understand what this project is all about and where it stands. Chapter 3 is methodology. It explained how this project came to be. This chapter explained the part most important of all, the flow this project. What had been researched and what needed to be done was explained in this chapter. Chapter 4 concentrated on the result and discussion of this project. What had been done was explained in diagrams and written programs. The expected results also mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 5 was the final chapter in this report. The conclusions and recommendations were placed in this chapter. In other words, the conclusion was the summary of what had been done throughout this project. After the project was done, recommendations were made and any expansions or upgrades that might be done in the future were suggested. 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Previous System At present scenario, in the level crossing line the railway gate is operated normally by a gate keeper. This happen when the railway line is cross over the road and there are a gate that have to be controlled. The gate keeper work after receiving the information about the train arrival from the nearer station. When the train starts to leave the station, the particular station delivers the information to give the signal for gate keeper to get ready. This is the operation are followed for operating the railway gates. In addition, this automatic railway gate system can contribute a lot of benefit either to the road user or to the railway management. This type of gate can be implementing in the level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher. The computer integration will be use to provide addition in the latest technology. 7 2. 2 Block Diagram Description Figure 2. 2. 1: Block diagram of the system This prototype of project demonstrated the Automatic Railway Gate Control by Using Microcontroller (PIC16F877A). The sensors are fixed at the certain distance on both sides of the gate, that is before the train arrive and after the train departure. The sensed signal is send to the microcontroller (PIC16F877A) and checked whether there are vehicles or people between the gate. At the same time, alarm and indication light signal are provided to the road users to warn the closing of gates. In sequences, the gate motor will move forward direction to close the gate. It will stay closed at certain time until the train has crossed the gate and reached the second sensor activate the motor in backward direction so the gate will open. Lighting signal also provided at the certain distance as pre cautionary step for driver. Meanwhile, the nearer station also will provide an indication alarm to remind them about the crossing train. If anything happened at the gates, this alarm will alert the station. LCD display will show the arrival of the train to cross the gate as additional features of this system.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
What Causes Aggression free essay sample
What Causes Aggression? Is It an Instinct or a Learned Behaviour? BY Monkey73 What causes aggression? Is it an Instinct or a learned behaviour? (a) Compare and contrast the views of any two psychological domains on the causes of aggression. (b) Evaluate the validity of their claims in the order to reach an informed decision about the causes of aggression. In order to explore the causes of aggressive behaviour, we have to be clear about what we mean by aggressive behaviour. The psychological definitions of aggression are determined by theoretical perspectives and there is no consensus within or cross the sciences about its components. For example some researchers support that aggression is an inborn, instinctive process based on which we intend to harm others. Such approaches adopt a definition that places emphasis on the intention to harm others. So it views aggression as the intention to harm others and this is not dependent of whether actual harm is inflicted. Other theorists attribute aggression to being a learned behaviour and lay emphasis on observable behaviours that result in eliciting harm to another person. It highlights that the harm needs to be evident so it an be observed and does not view thoughts or unobservable emotions as being components of aggressive behaviour. Bandura in 1973 defined aggression as behaviour that results in personal injury or destruction of property (Hogg, M, Vaughan, G. 1998, p. 40) Anderson and Bushman 2002 postulate aggression is behaviour which causes intentional harm to another person (Glassman 2004, p. 337). Thus it seems current explanations of aggression fall into two board classes which focus on biological or social environment influences. The following essay is going to explore and contrast the distinct views of the biological and behaviourist domains on etermining aggression. It will walk through the core ideas which form the basis for each theory and illustrate the main differences on whether they view aggression as an instinct or as a learned behaviour. I will conclude by assessing the validity of each theory based on existing research. The biological domain views aggressive behaviour as being an innate part of human nature and we are programmed at birth to act in that way. It looks at the genetic, inborn characteristics of the person and not the situation as being the key determinants. Among the biological approaches, important contribution came from he field of ethology, which is concerned with the comparative study of animal and human behaviour. As one of the fields pioneers, Konrad Lorenz (1974) offered a model of aggression that dealt specifically with the issue of how aggressive energy is developed and set free in both humans and animals. His core assumption is that the organism continuously builds up aggressive energy and he likens this process to the operation of a reservoir filling up with water. Occasionally the reservoir needs to be emptied in a controlled fashion, otherwise it will overflow. Whether or not this energy ill lead to the manifestation of aggressive behaviour depends on two factors: (a) the (b) the strength of the external stimuli (e. g. the sight or smell of predator) capable of triggering an aggressive response. So this suggests the potential or instinct for aggression may be innate and the actual aggressive behaviour is elicited by specific stimuli in the environment know sign stimuli. Sign stimuli are environmental cues which regulate the expression of behaviours related to innate drives (Glassman 2004, p. 40) Some sign stimuli elicit the individual aggression, whereas other sign stimuli ay act as inhibitors. He also argues that aggression serves an evolunationary function, allowing the strongest and fittest members of a group to survive and re- produce, whereas eliminating the weaker members. If the aggression is not frequently released in controllable and manageable amounts, that are in accordance with environmental cues the risk is that it will build up and become unmanageable and randomly expressed. Also geneticists have offered theories on aggression by examining physiological processes. Their main focus has been to look at how the brain functions and how it can control aggression. The behaviourist approach view aggression as a learned behaviour and place significance on environmental influences rather then internal drives. They see aggression as a particular class of voluntary responses, which are acquired and modified by the means of reinforcement. This viewpoint emphasises the role of the situation rather than the person and individuals are seen as passive and as receptors of stimulation offered by the environment. The external world shapes learning by offering reinforcement and learning itself is seen as the outcome of associating certain behaviours with rewards or punishments. There are two main aspects of aggressive behaviour which have been supported by this approach: instrumental aggression and the role of frustration in aggression. Instrumental aggression is aggressive behaviour which is maintained because it is positively reinforced (Glassman 2004, p. 342). The primary goal of such aggression is not injury or harm to the victim; the aggression is simply a means to some other desired end. One such end could be self defence. Thus whenever the individual wishes to achieve the same environmental response, they demonstrate the same patterns of aggressive ehaviour. In contrast not all acts of aggression lead to reinforcement and in contrast the individual may be punished. The behaviourists Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower and Sears in 1939 introduced the concept of frustration-aggression hypotheses. This incorporates the concept that aggression might actually be the automatic response of an individual that gets frustrated. Frustration can be defined as the blocking of a goal-orientated response and they viewed this to be the sole cause of aggression. They believed that whenever an individual tries to achieve a goal, environmental onditions block our activity and hence the individual experiences frustration and this can elicit aggressive behaviours. This concept represents the backbone of the approach as it indicates the environment affects the behaviour and the individual is seen as responding to external events. The aggressive energy need not explode directly against its source. Their theory suggests that people learn to inhibit direct retaliation, especially when others might disapprove or punish; instead we displace our hostilities to safer targets. Displacement occurs in the old anecdote about a man dog, which bites the postman. It is clear though, not every frustration leads to an aggressive response. Therefore the earlier proposition of a deterministic relationship between frustration and aggression was altered into a probabilistic version by Miller in 1941. Moderating variables may also explain why aggression is frequently displaced away from the frustrator onto more easily accessible or less intimidating target. Marcus-Newhall, Pederson, Carlson and Miller 2000 found consistent evidence for the displacement of aggression from the source of the frustration onto a less powerful or more accessible target across a total of 49 studies. Berkowitz 1978 suggests that aggression can be produced by reinforcement, even in the absence of frustration and so challenges the original hypothesis too. In comparing the two domains, biological theories place their significance on genetic, inborn characteristics which drive a persons behaviour and emotion. In contrast the behaviourists insist that aggression in humans is the product of environmental demands and is acquired through the customary laws of learning. They see aggression to be solely caused by a stimulus from the external world and it is a suggested response which is based upon reinforcement. On treating aggression, the behaviourists suggest the environment can be modified by ensuring the external world has an appropriate structure of reinforcement and punishment available. Hence this will inhibit people from learning aggression or the behaviour can be unlearned. Whereas Lorenz argues that nothing can alter to eliminate aggression all together but to provide suitable forms of cathersis such as sports to allow individuals to release the build up energy and prevent the random leakages. The validity of the biological domain comes under heavy criticism as it lacks empirical evidence. Lorenzs concept of aggression energy is not easily measurable and lacks an operational definition. Also the comparative study of animal behaviours does not prove that they have the same cause in humans. Also the method of catharsis has little experimental support too. Despite the lack of direct evidence, the ethnologists view does have some appeal on the aspect that humans do have an evolutionary genetic heritage and seeing aggression as innate fits in well with some cultural beliefs. Overall though the evidence for a biological basis for aggression has gaps and thus is viewed as being more suggestive than conclusive. In contrast, the behaviourist theory has more direct supporting evidence and several studies such as those conducted by Lovaas 1961, Loew 1967 indicate that hostile and helpful verbalizations can act as regulators of non verbal aggression, so proving the concept of learning. Although the notion of not all frustration leads to aggressive behaviour and not all people respond to frustration in the same way does prevent the theory from being applied across the board. Different individuals may employ different sorts of aggressive behaviour in response to a frustrating situation and so he theory does not account for the different reactions and modes of expressing frustration. Also researchers have found that aggression can be exhibited when there is no obvious environmental reinforcement and the displacement of aggression can not be easily predicted. In conclusion despite the above criticisms the behaviourist approach does offer more in the way of supporting evidence than the aggression and frustration-aggression hypothesis together can account for many cases of aggressive behaviour and there seems no question that frustration can elicit ggression in certain instances.
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